Commitment and entrenchment among gig economy workers: interactions between work and life foci
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5020/2318-0722.2025.31.e16533Palavras-chave:
commitment, entrenchment, gig economyResumo
This article aims to examine how multiple foci of commitment and entrenchment are configured and interact within the context of the gig economy. A qualitative, exploratory study was conducted through semi-structured interviews with 30 app-based drivers in Brazil. The findings indicate that workers replace the traditional organizational focus with a set of commitment and entrenchment foci related to work, family, friends, and other life domains. Interactions marked by both synergy and conflict among commitments were identified, revealing three distinct profiles of commitment systems, differentiated by the presence or absence of work–life conflict. With regard to entrenchment, hierarchical arrangements and synergistic relationships were also observed. As a contribution, this study advances the methodological operationalization for analyzing commitment systems, a relatively recent theoretical perspective that still requires further methodological development for empirical measurement.
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Este artigo é uma tradução em English do artigo:
Comprometimento e entrincheiramento de trabalhadores na gig economy: Interações entre focos de vida e trabalho
Referências
Abílio, L. C. (2020). Uberização: A era do trabalhador just-in-time? Estudos Avançados, 34(98), 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0103-4014.2020.3498.008
Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2021). Between a rock and a hard place: Freedom, flexibility, precarity and vulnerability in the gig economy in Africa. Competition and Change, 25(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420914473
Bajwa, U., Gastaldo, D., Ruggiero, E. D., & Knorr, L. (2018). The health of workers in the global gig economy. Globalization and Health, 14(124), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0444-8
Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. The American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32-40. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/222820
Becker, T. E. (2016). Multiple foci of workplace commitments. In J. P. Meyer (Ed.), Handbook of Employee Commitment (Cap.1, pp.43-58). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2),77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Cappelli, P. & Keller, J. (2013). Classifying work in the new economy. Academy of Management Review, 38(4), 575-596. Doi: 10.5465/amr.2011.0302.
Carneiro, L. L., Moscon, D. C. B., Dias, L. M. M., Oliveira, S. M. D., & Alves, H. M. C. (2023). Digiwork: Reflections on the scenario of work mediated by digital platforms in Brazil. RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 24(2), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMR230060.en
Carson, K. D., Carson, P. P., & Bedeian, A. G. (1995). Development and construct of a career entrenchment measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68(4), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00589.x
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Projeto de Pesquisa: métodos qualitativo, quantitativo e misto. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020). Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(1), 114–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258
Feenstra-Verschure, M. T., Kooij, D., Freese, C., Van der Velde, M., & Lysova, E. I. (2023). Building on job immobility concepts: A conceptual model and future research agenda on “locked at the job”. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 11(1), 2023. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-03-2022-0055
Fleming, P. (2017). The Human Capital Hoax: Work, Debt and Insecurity in the Era of Uberization. Organization Studies, 38(5), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616686129
Johnson, R. E., Groff, K. W., & Taing, M. U. (2009). Nature of the Interactions among Organizational Commitments: Complementary, Competitive or Synergistic? British Journal of Management, 20(4), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00592.x
Klein, H. J., Molloy, J. C., & Brinsfield, C. T. (2012). Reconceptualizing workplace commitment to redress a stretched construct: Revisiting assumptions and removing confounds. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 130-151. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0018
Klein, H. J., Solinger, O. N., & Duflot, V. (2020). Commitment System Theory: The Evolving Structure of Commitments to Multiple Targets. Academy of Management Review, 47(1) 1-56. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2018.0031
Meijerink, J., & Keegan, A. (2019). Conceptualizing human resource management in the gig economy: Toward a platform ecosystem perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(4), 214-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2018-0277
Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in a Changing World of Work. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions (pp. 3–36). Routledge.
Meyer, J. P., & Espinoza, J. A. (2016). Occupational commitment. In J. P. Meyer (Ed.), Handbook of Employee Commitment (Cap. 10, pp. 135-149). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, L. J., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2012). Employee commitment in context: The nature and implication of commitment profiles. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.07.002
Millward, L. J., & Hopkins, L. J. (1998). Psychological Contracts, Organizational and job Commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(16), 1530-1556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01689.x
Möhlmann, M., & Zalmanson, L. (2017, December 10-13). Hands on the wheel: Navigating algorithmic management and Uber drivers' autonomy [Conference presentation abstract]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Seoul, South Korea. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319965259_Hands_on_the_wheel_Navigating_algorithmic_management_and_Uber_drivers'_autonomy
Montenegro, A. de V., Pinho, A. P. M., & Tupinambá, A. C. R. (2022). Perfis de comprometimento organizacional em universidades federais: Características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 24(5), https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMG230066.pt
Moreschi, B., Pereira, G., & Cozman, F. G. (2020). The Brazilian Workers in Amazon Mechanical Turk: Dreams and realities of ghost workers. Revista Contracampo, 39(1), 46-64. https://doi.org/10.22409/contracampo.v39i1.38252
Olsen, K. M., Egeland, T., Nesheim, T., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2016). Multiple foci of commitment in a professional service firm: Balancing complex employment relations. Human Resource Management Journal, 26(4), 390-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12109
Reichers, A. E. (1985). A Review and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 465-476. https://doi.org/10.2307/258128
Rodrigues, A. C. de A., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2012). Entrincheiramento organizacional: Construção e validação da escala. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 25(4), 688-700. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722012000400008
Rodrigues, A. C. de A., Bastos, A. V. B., & Moscon, D. C. B. (2019). Delimiting the concept of organizational commitment: Empirical evidence of the overlap between the entrenchment and the continuance mindset. Revista Organizações & Sociedade, 26(89), 338-358. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-9260897
Rodrigues, A. C. de A., Bastos, A. V. B., Moscon, D. C. B., & Queiroz, G. C. (2021). Commitment and entrenchment? Convergent and discriminant validation of affective and continuance dimensions of three-component model. Revista de Gestão, 29(1), 17- 38. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-10-2020-0090
Rosenblat, A., & Stark, L. (2016). Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers. International Journal of Communication, 10(27), 3758–3784. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2686227
Sampieri, R. H., Collado, C. F. & Lucio, M. P. B. (2013). Metodologia de pesquisa. Tradução: Daisy Vaz de Moraes. 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Penso.
Vaclavik, M. C., Oltramari, A. P., & Oliveira, S. R. de. (2022). Empresariando a informalidade: Um debate teórico à luz da gig economy. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 20(2), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120210065
Van Rossenberg, Y., Swart, J., Yalabik, Z., Cross, D., & Kinnie, N. (2022). Commitment Systems in Cross-boundary Work. British Journal of Management, 34(2), 746-766. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12610
Van Rossenberg, Y., Klein, H. J., Asplund, K., Bentein, K., Breitsohl, H., Cohen, A., Cross, D., Rodrigues, A. C. A., Duflot, V., Kilroy, S., Ali, N., Rapti, A., Ruhle, S., Solinger, O., Swart, J., & Yalabik, Z. Y. (2018). The future of workplace commitment: Key questions and directions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(2), 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1443914
Wan, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, L., & Zhang, F. (2023). Navigating autonomy: Unraveling the dual influence of job autonomy on workplace well-being in the gig economy. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128852
Warren, T. (2021). Work–life balance and gig work: ‘Where are we now’ and ‘where to next’ with the work–life balance agenda? Journal of Industrial Relations, 63(4), 522-545. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221856211007161
Zeid, R. Y. M., Alrayess, D. J., Ajwad, M. I., Soytas, M. A., & Rivera-Guivas, N. (2024). The gig economy and the future of work: Global trends and policy directions for non-standard forms of employment. World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35431
Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2021). Between a rock and a hard place: Freedom, flexibility, precarity and vulnerability in the gig economy in Africa. Competition and Change, 25(2), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420914473
Bajwa, U., Gastaldo, D., Ruggiero, E. D., & Knorr, L. (2018). The health of workers in the global gig economy. Globalization and Health, 14(124), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0444-8
Becker, H. S. (1960). Notes on the concept of commitment. The American Journal of Sociology, 66(1), 32-40. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/222820
Becker, T. E. (2016). Multiple foci of workplace commitments. In J. P. Meyer (Ed.), Handbook of Employee Commitment (Cap.1, pp.43-58). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2),77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Cappelli, P. & Keller, J. (2013). Classifying work in the new economy. Academy of Management Review, 38(4), 575-596. Doi: 10.5465/amr.2011.0302.
Carneiro, L. L., Moscon, D. C. B., Dias, L. M. M., Oliveira, S. M. D., & Alves, H. M. C. (2023). Digiwork: Reflections on the scenario of work mediated by digital platforms in Brazil. RAM. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 24(2), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMR230060.en
Carson, K. D., Carson, P. P., & Bedeian, A. G. (1995). Development and construct of a career entrenchment measure. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 68(4), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00589.x
Creswell, J. W. (2007). Projeto de Pesquisa: métodos qualitativo, quantitativo e misto. 2. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed.
Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020). Algorithmic management and app-work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(1), 114–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258
Feenstra-Verschure, M. T., Kooij, D., Freese, C., Van der Velde, M., & Lysova, E. I. (2023). Building on job immobility concepts: A conceptual model and future research agenda on “locked at the job”. Journal of Organizational Effectiveness: People and Performance, 11(1), 2023. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOEPP-03-2022-0055
Fleming, P. (2017). The Human Capital Hoax: Work, Debt and Insecurity in the Era of Uberization. Organization Studies, 38(5), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616686129
Johnson, R. E., Groff, K. W., & Taing, M. U. (2009). Nature of the Interactions among Organizational Commitments: Complementary, Competitive or Synergistic? British Journal of Management, 20(4), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00592.x
Klein, H. J., Molloy, J. C., & Brinsfield, C. T. (2012). Reconceptualizing workplace commitment to redress a stretched construct: Revisiting assumptions and removing confounds. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 130-151. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0018
Klein, H. J., Solinger, O. N., & Duflot, V. (2020). Commitment System Theory: The Evolving Structure of Commitments to Multiple Targets. Academy of Management Review, 47(1) 1-56. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2018.0031
Meijerink, J., & Keegan, A. (2019). Conceptualizing human resource management in the gig economy: Toward a platform ecosystem perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(4), 214-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2018-0277
Meyer, J. P. (2009). Commitment in a Changing World of Work. In H. J. Klein, T. E. Becker, & J. P. Meyer (Eds.), Commitment in organizations: Accumulated wisdom and new directions (pp. 3–36). Routledge.
Meyer, J. P., & Espinoza, J. A. (2016). Occupational commitment. In J. P. Meyer (Ed.), Handbook of Employee Commitment (Cap. 10, pp. 135-149). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Meyer, J. P., & Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in the workplace: Toward a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11(3), 299-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(00)00053-X
Meyer, J. P., Stanley, L. J., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2012). Employee commitment in context: The nature and implication of commitment profiles. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.07.002
Millward, L. J., & Hopkins, L. J. (1998). Psychological Contracts, Organizational and job Commitment. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28(16), 1530-1556. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01689.x
Möhlmann, M., & Zalmanson, L. (2017, December 10-13). Hands on the wheel: Navigating algorithmic management and Uber drivers' autonomy [Conference presentation abstract]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Seoul, South Korea. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319965259_Hands_on_the_wheel_Navigating_algorithmic_management_and_Uber_drivers'_autonomy
Montenegro, A. de V., Pinho, A. P. M., & Tupinambá, A. C. R. (2022). Perfis de comprometimento organizacional em universidades federais: Características sociodemográficas e ocupacionais. Revista de Administração Mackenzie, 24(5), https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-6971/eRAMG230066.pt
Moreschi, B., Pereira, G., & Cozman, F. G. (2020). The Brazilian Workers in Amazon Mechanical Turk: Dreams and realities of ghost workers. Revista Contracampo, 39(1), 46-64. https://doi.org/10.22409/contracampo.v39i1.38252
Olsen, K. M., Egeland, T., Nesheim, T., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2016). Multiple foci of commitment in a professional service firm: Balancing complex employment relations. Human Resource Management Journal, 26(4), 390-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12109
Reichers, A. E. (1985). A Review and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 465-476. https://doi.org/10.2307/258128
Rodrigues, A. C. de A., & Bastos, A. V. B. (2012). Entrincheiramento organizacional: Construção e validação da escala. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 25(4), 688-700. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722012000400008
Rodrigues, A. C. de A., Bastos, A. V. B., & Moscon, D. C. B. (2019). Delimiting the concept of organizational commitment: Empirical evidence of the overlap between the entrenchment and the continuance mindset. Revista Organizações & Sociedade, 26(89), 338-358. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-9260897
Rodrigues, A. C. de A., Bastos, A. V. B., Moscon, D. C. B., & Queiroz, G. C. (2021). Commitment and entrenchment? Convergent and discriminant validation of affective and continuance dimensions of three-component model. Revista de Gestão, 29(1), 17- 38. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-10-2020-0090
Rosenblat, A., & Stark, L. (2016). Algorithmic Labor and Information Asymmetries: A Case Study of Uber’s Drivers. International Journal of Communication, 10(27), 3758–3784. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2686227
Sampieri, R. H., Collado, C. F. & Lucio, M. P. B. (2013). Metodologia de pesquisa. Tradução: Daisy Vaz de Moraes. 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Penso.
Vaclavik, M. C., Oltramari, A. P., & Oliveira, S. R. de. (2022). Empresariando a informalidade: Um debate teórico à luz da gig economy. Cadernos EBAPE.BR, 20(2), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120210065
Van Rossenberg, Y., Swart, J., Yalabik, Z., Cross, D., & Kinnie, N. (2022). Commitment Systems in Cross-boundary Work. British Journal of Management, 34(2), 746-766. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12610
Van Rossenberg, Y., Klein, H. J., Asplund, K., Bentein, K., Breitsohl, H., Cohen, A., Cross, D., Rodrigues, A. C. A., Duflot, V., Kilroy, S., Ali, N., Rapti, A., Ruhle, S., Solinger, O., Swart, J., & Yalabik, Z. Y. (2018). The future of workplace commitment: Key questions and directions. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(2), 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1443914
Wan, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, L., & Zhang, F. (2023). Navigating autonomy: Unraveling the dual influence of job autonomy on workplace well-being in the gig economy. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128852
Warren, T. (2021). Work–life balance and gig work: ‘Where are we now’ and ‘where to next’ with the work–life balance agenda? Journal of Industrial Relations, 63(4), 522-545. https://doi.org/10.1177/00221856211007161
Zeid, R. Y. M., Alrayess, D. J., Ajwad, M. I., Soytas, M. A., & Rivera-Guivas, N. (2024). The gig economy and the future of work: Global trends and policy directions for non-standard forms of employment. World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35431
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03.02.2025
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QUEIROZ, Giselle Cavalcante; RODRIGUES, Ana Carolina de Aguiar; MOSCON, Daniela Campos Bahia; TESSARINI JUNIOR, Geraldo. Commitment and entrenchment among gig economy workers: interactions between work and life foci. Revista Ciências Administrativas, [S. l.], v. 31, p. 1–13, 2025. DOI: 10.5020/2318-0722.2025.31.e16533. Disponível em: https://ojs.unifor.br/rca/article/view/16533. Acesso em: 9 jan. 2026.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Giselle Cavalcante Queiroz, Ana Carolina de Aguiar Rodrigues, Daniela Campos Bahia Moscon, Geraldo Tessarini Junior
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