The Brazilian National Immunization Program and its main challenges: an integrative review
Challenges of the immunization program
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5020/18061230.2024.14840Keywords:
Vaccination coverage , Vaccination refusal, Child, Movement against vaccination, Vaccine hesitancyAbstract
Objective: To analyze the reasons why parents and/or guardians of children under five do not adhere to the vaccination schedule and to identify factors associated with reduced vaccination coverage. Method: An integrative review was conducted in October 2023 using databases from the Virtual Health Library. The descriptors “vaccination coverage,” “vaccine refusal,” “child,” “antivaccination movement,” “fake news,” and “vaccine hesitancy” were used. Articles in English, Portuguese, and Spanish published from 2018 to 2023 were included. Articles were excluded if they were duplicates, dissertations, theses, or did not meet the research objectives. Result: A total of 510 publications were found, but only 10 articles met the criteria. A critical analysis and interpretation of the material led to three themes: 1) hesitancy among parents and/or guardians; 2) the role of parents and health professionals in vaccination; and 3) vaccination coverage and the return of eradicated diseases. Some authors identified vaccine hesitancy as being linked to moral convictions, disbelief in vaccines, and previous experiences with adverse events following vaccination, especially moderate or severe cases, among other factors. Conclusion: The reasons that lead parents or guardians to hesitate in vaccinating their children include negligence, lack of information, and fear of severe side effects, often fueled by anti-vaccine
movements. Nevertheless, effective vaccination coverage remains a crucial ally in controlling and eradicating numerous vaccine-preventable diseases.
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