The fragility of the Brazilian health system and social vulnerability in front of COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5020/18061230.2020.10724Keywords:
Social Vulnerability, Coronavirus Infections, PandemicsAbstract
Objective: To demonstrate the possible impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, the social vulnerability on the national scene, and the possible controlling measures in the face of the new pandemic. Methods: This is an exploratory bibliometric study that collected data from the last 10 years on the following data platforms: Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), Health Information (TabNet), and Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Moreover, a search was conducted on secondary sources (PubMed, Ministry of Health, World Health Organization, CAPES, and SciELO journals). The descriptors used were ethics based on principles, social vulnerability, bioethics, coronavirus, and pandemic. Analyzes and interpretations took place between February and March 2020. Results: In Brazil, 25,262 cases of COVID-19 were reported, and 1,532 people died in the period mentioned. IBGE data from 2019 point to about 119.3 million Brazilians living in extreme poverty, with income below one minimum wage per month. Besides, according to the 2010 Census, only 3.8% of the Brazilian population has access to drinking water, which can hinder preventive measures. Conclusion: Given the pandemic scenario, there is a need for more attention to people who are socially vulnerable in Brazil.Downloads
References
Martini M, Gazzaniga V, Bragazzi NL, Barberis I. The spanish influenza pandemic: a lesson from history 100 years after 1918. J Prev Med Hyg. 2019 Mar;60(1):E64-E7.
Karasin AI, West K, Carman S, Olsen CW. Characterization of avian H3N3 and H1N1 influenza A viruses isolated from pigs in Canada. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 Sep;42(9):4349-54.
Rello J, Tejada S, Userovici C, Arvaniti K, Pugin J, Waterer G. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): a critical care perspective beyond China. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2020;39(2):167-9.
Han Y, Yang H. The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19): a Chinese perspective. J Med Virol. 2020 Mar 6.
Zhang T, Wu Q, Zhang Z. Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak. Curr Biol. 2020;30(7):1346-51.
Lin M, Beliavsky A, Katz K, Powis JE, Ng W, Williams V, et al. What can early Canadian experience screening for COVID-19 teach us about how to prepare for a pandemic? CMAJ. 2020 Mar;192(12):E314-E8.
Chan JF, Yip CC, To KK, Tang TH, Wong SC, Leung KH, et al. Improved molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 by the novel, highly sensitive and specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay validated in vitro and with clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2020 Mar;58(5).
Johnson HC, Gossner CM, Colzani E, Kinsman J, Alexakis L, Beaute J, et al. Potential scenarios for the progression of a COVID-19 epidemic in the European Union and the European Economic Area, March 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020 Mar;25(9).
Spiteri G, Fielding J, Diercke M, Campese C, Enouf V, Gaymard A, et al. First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020. Euro Surveill. 2020 Mar;25(9).
Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar 6;17(5).
Kumar S, Poonam, Rathi B. Coronavirus Disease COVID-19: A New Threat to Public Health. Curr Top Med Chem. 2020;20(8).
Hageman JR. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Pediatr Ann. 2020 Mar;49(3):e99-e100.
Ministério da Saúde. O que é coronavírus? (COVID-19) [Internet]. 2020 [acesso em 2020 Mar 18]. Disponível em: https://coronavirus.saude.gov.br/sobre-a-doenca
Murthy S, Gomersall CD, Fowler RA. Care for Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19. JAMA. 2020 Mar 11.
Jiang F, Deng L, Zhang L, Cai Y, Cheung CW, Xia Z. Review of the Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Gen Intern Med. 2020;365(5).
Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Gallego V, Escalera-Antezana JP, Mendez CA, Zambrano LI, Franco-Paredes C, et al. COVID-19 in Latin America: the implications of the first confirmed case in Brazil. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Feb 29:101613.
Candido DDS, Watts A, Abade L, Kraemer MUG, Pybus OG, Croda J, et al. Routes for COVID-19 importation in Brazil. J Travel Med. 2020 Mar 23.
Glauser W. Proposed protocol to keep COVID-19 out of hospitals. CMAJ. 2020 Mar 9;192(10):E264-E5.
Goya N, Andrade LOM. O sistema único de saúde e o desafio da gestão regionalizada e contratualizada. Rev Bras Promoç Saúde. 2018;31(4):1-10.
Figueiredo JO, Prado NMBL, Medina MG, Silva Paim JS. Gastos público e privado com saúde no Brasil e países selecionados. Saúde Debate. 2018;42(2):37-47.
Alves EF, Silva MHAD, Olivera FA, Silva TT. Vulnerabilidade social diante da fosfoetanolamina a partir da teoria principialista. Rev Bioét. 2019;27(1):173-8.
Cutter SL. A ciência da vulnerabilidade: modelos, métodos e indicadores. Rev Crít Ciênc Soc. 2011;93:59-69.
Carmo MED, Guizardi FLT. The concept of vulnerability and its meanings for public policies in health and social welfare. Rep Public Health. 2018;34(3):e00101417.
Organização Mundial da Saúde. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation dashboard [Internet]. 2020 [acesso em 2020 Abr 12]. Disponível em: https://who.sprinklr.com
Ministério da Saúde. Painel COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020 [acesso em 2020 Mar 30]. Disponível em: https://covid.saudegov.br
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Extrema pobreza atinge 13,5 milhões de pessoas e chega ao maior nível em 7 anos [Internet]. 2019 [acesso em Nov 6]. Disponível em: https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/25882-extrema-pobreza-atinge-13-5-milhoes-de
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Censo IBGE 2010 [Internet]. 2010 [acesso em 2010 Mar 25]. Disponível em: https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br
Kupferschmidt K, Cohen J. Can China's COVID-19 strategy work elsewhere? Science. 2020 Mar 6;367(6482):1061-2.
Programa de Orientação e Proteção ao Consumidor (RJ). Procon-RJ flagra farmácia vendendo álcool acendedor como álcool em gel [Internet]. 2020 [acesso em 2020 Mar 22]. Disponível em: http://www.procon.rj.gov.br/index.php/publicacao/detalhar/4460
Costa MA, Santos MPG, Marguti B, Pirani N, Pinto CVS, Curi RLC, et al. TD 2364 - Vulnerabilidade social no Brasil: conceitos, métodos e primeiros resultados para municípios e regiões metropolitanas brasileiras [Internet]. 2018 [acesso em 2020 Mar 22]. Disponível em: https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32296%3Atd-2364-vulnerabilidade-social-no-brasil-conceitos-metodos-e-primeiros-resultados-para-municipios-e-regioes-metropolitanas-brasileiras&catid=411%3A2018&directory=1&Itemid=1
Verdélio A. Vulnerabilidade social no Brasil aumenta entre 2014 e 2015. 2017 [acesso em 2020 Mar 22]. Disponível em: http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2017-08/vulnerabilidade-social-no-brasil-aumenta-entre-2014-e-2015
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Desemprego [Internet]. 2020 [acesso em 2020 Abr 12]. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/explica/desemprego.php
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Desemprego aumenta para 11,6% no trimestre encerrado em fevereiro [Internet]. 2020 [acesso em 2020 Abr 12]. Disponível em: https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/27260-desemprego-aumenta-para-11-6-no-trimestre-encerrado-em-fevereiro
Yang W, Yan F. Patients with RT-PCR Confirmed COVID-19 and Normal Chest CT. Radiology. 2020 Mar 6:200702.
Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin I, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):450-2.
Lippi G, Plebani M. Procalcitonin in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;505:190-1.
Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5).
Thomson GA. Where are we now with COVID-19? Int J Clin Pract. 2020 Mar 11:e13497.
Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):809-15.
Qiao J. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):760-2.
Colson P, Rolain JM, Lagier JC, Brouqui P, Raoult D. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine as available weapons to fight COVID-19. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 4:105932.
Mahase E. Covid-19: what treatments are being investigated? BMJ. 2020;368:m1252.
Gao J, Tian Z, Yang X. Breakthrough: Chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies. Biosci Trends. 2020 Mar 16;14(1):72-3.
Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 11:105938.
Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care. 2020 Mar 10.
Krzeminski P, Lesiak A, Narbutt J. Seizures as a rare adverse effect of chloroquine therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a case report and literature survey. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2018 Aug;35(4):429-30.
Balamurugesan K, Davis P, Ponprabha R, Sarasveni M. Chloroquine induced urticaria: a newer adverse effect. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Jul;8(7):2545-7.
Wang B, Guo H, Ling L, Ji J, Niu J, Gu Y. The Chronic Adverse Effect of Chloroquine on Kidney in Rats through an Autophagy Dependent and Independent Pathways. Nephron. 2020;144(2):96-108.
Al-Tawfiq JA, Al-Homoud AH, Memish ZA. Remdesivir as a possible therapeutic option for the COVID-19. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 5:101615.
Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Mar 20:105949.
Klompas M. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Protecting Hospitals From the Invisible. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(9):619-20.
Chen X, Yu B. First two months of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic in China: real-time surveillance and evaluation with a second derivative model. Glob Health Res Policy. 2020;5:7.
Goldwasser RS, Lobo MSDC, Arruda EFD, Angelo SA, Silva JRL, Salles AAD, et al. Dificuldades de acesso e estimativas de leitos públicos para unidades de terapia intensiva no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rev Saúde Pública. 2016;50(19):1-10.
Pawaiya RVS, Dhama K, Mahendran M, Tripathi BN. Swine flu and the current influenza A (H1N1) pandemic in humans: a review. Indian J Vet Pathol. 2009;33(1):1-17.
