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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rbps</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. promo. sau.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1806-1230</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidade de Fortaleza</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5020/18061230.2025.14874</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Artigo Original</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Epidemiologia em pacientes pediátricos com leucemia em um hospital de referência na Paraíba</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Epidemiología en pacientes pediátricos con leucemia en un hospital de referencia en Paraíba</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2057-5876</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Muniz</surname>
						<given-names>Raphael Estevão de Sousa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>desenvolvido do manuscrito</role>
					<role>elaboração</role>
					<role>coleta</role>
					<role>conteúdo</role>
					<role>interpretação</role>
					<role>integralidade</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-5272-2667</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Secundo</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel Figueirêdo Macêdo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>desenvolvido do manuscrito</role>
					<role>elaboração</role>
					<role>coleta</role>
					<role>conteúdo</role>
					<role>interpretação</role>
					<role>integralidade</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2449-5250</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
						<given-names>Péricles Davidson Franco de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>desenvolvido do manuscrito</role>
					<role>elaboração</role>
					<role>coleta</role>
					<role>conteúdo</role>
					<role>interpretação</role>
					<role>integralidade</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-2555-0938</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Antônio Ferreira da</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>desenvolvido do manuscrito</role>
					<role>elaboração</role>
					<role>coleta</role>
					<role>conteúdo</role>
					<role>interpretação</role>
					<role>integralidade</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6571-2409</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jesus</surname>
						<given-names>Vinícius Filgueira Coelho de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>desenvolvido do manuscrito</role>
					<role>elaboração</role>
					<role>coleta</role>
					<role>conteúdo</role>
					<role>interpretação</role>
					<role>integralidade</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6213-5983</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Quintans</surname>
						<given-names>Ynnaiana Navarro de Lima Santana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>desenvolvido do manuscrito</role>
					<role>elaboração</role>
					<role>coleta</role>
					<role>conteúdo</role>
					<role>interpretação</role>
					<role>integralidade</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<institution content-type="original">Centro Universitário de João Pessoa (UNIPÊ). João Pessoa - Paraíba - Brasil</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universitário de João Pessoa</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>João Pessoa</city>
						<state>Paraíba</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Primeiro autor e endereço para correspondência</label> Raphael Estevão de Sousa Muniz Centro Universitário de João Pessoa (UNIPÊ). João Pessoa - Paraíba - Brasil BR-230, Km 22 Bairro: Água Fria. CEP: 58053-000 / João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil E-mail: <email>raphael.nuvem@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement" id="fn1">
					<label>AGRADECIMENTOS E CONFLITOS DE INTERESSE</label>
					<p> Os autores informaram que não existe conflito de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>18</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<elocation-id>e14874</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2025</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo: </title>
					<p>Analisar o perfil epidemiológico do público infantojuvenil diagnosticado com leucemia em centro oncológico na capital paraibana. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método: </title>
					<p>Estudo observacional, documental, descritivo e retrospectivo, por meio da avaliação dos prontuários de 83 pacientes pediátricos, diagnosticados com leucemia, entre maio de 2018 e maio de 2023, no hospital filantrópico Napoleão Laureano, Paraíba. Foram coletados dados antropométricos, histórico familiar, tratamento e desfecho. O local de pesquisa foi escolhido devido à alta demanda e ser polo de referência. Os dados foram coletados por meio de ficha estruturada para investigação estatística das frequências absolutas e relativas, além da aplicação dos testes Quiquadrado e teste exato de Fisher para análise bivariada. A apresentação dos resultados foi feita em tabelas e gráficos. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados: </title>
					<p>A faixa etária média foi de 6,5 anos, com maior incidência em crianças pré-escolares (44,58%). Houve maior predomínio do sexo feminino (53%) e etnia parda (91,6%). A macrorregião macro 1 teve o maior número de pacientes (73,5%). Os sintomas mais prevalentes foram febre (66,26%), sangramentos, hematomas e petéquias (34,93). A leucemia linfoblástica aguda foi o tipo mais comum (74,7%), inclusive entre os óbitos(68,2%). A quimioterapia foi o tratamento mais usado (88%). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão: </title>
					<p>O estudo revelou informações sobre o perfil epidemiológico do público pediátrico de leucemia na Paraíba. Apesar do alto potencial de cura, a mortalidade foi alta comparada a países desenvolvidos, possivelmente resultada de limitações de acesso e fatores socioeconômicos. Logo, aprimorar o registro das informações, assim como detecção precoce, são ações essenciais, além do incentivo em estratégias na capacitação profissional e investimento em tratamentos.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title><italic>RESUMEN</italic></title>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Objetivo:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Analizar el perfil epidemiológico de la población infantojuvenil diagnosticada con leucemia en un centro oncológico de la capital paraibana.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Método:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Estudio observacional, documental, descriptivo y retrospectivo, mediante la evaluación de las historias clínicas de 83 pacientes pediátricos diagnosticados con leucemia entre mayo de 2018 y mayo de 2023, en el hospital filantrópico Napoleão Laureano, en el estado de Paraíba. Se recolectaron datos antropométricos, antecedentes familiares, tipo de tratamiento y desenlace clínico. El lugar de investigación fue seleccionado por su alta demanda y por ser un centro de referencia. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un formulario estructurado para análisis estadístico de frecuencias absolutas y relativas, además de la aplicación de la prueba de Chi-cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher para el análisis bivariado. La presentación de los resultados se efectuó mediante tablas y gráficos.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Resultados:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>La edad promedio fue de 6,5 años, con mayor incidencia en niños en edad preescolar (44,58%). Se observó un predominio del sexo femenino (53%) y de la etnia mestiza (91,6%). La macrorregión 1 presentó el mayor número de pacientes (73,5%). Los síntomas más prevalentes fueron fiebre (66,26%) y sangrados, hematomas y petequias (34,93%). La leucemia linfoblástica aguda fue el tipo más frecuente (74,7%), incluso entre los fallecimientos (68,2%). La quimioterapia fue el tratamiento más utilizado (88%).</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Conclusión:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>El estudio reveló información relevante sobre el perfil epidemiológico de la población pediátrica con leucemia en el estado de Paraíba. A pesar del alto potencial de curación, la mortalidad fue elevada en comparación con países desarrollados, posiblemente debido a limitaciones en el acceso a los servicios de salud y a factores socioeconómicos. Por lo tanto, mejorar el registro de datos clínicos, así como la detección precoz, son acciones esenciales, además de fomentar estrategias de capacitación profesional e inversión en tratamientos.</italic></p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Descritores:</title>
				<kwd>Leucemia infantil</kwd>
				<kwd>Epidemiologia pediátrica</kwd>
				<kwd>Desigualdade no acesso à saúde oncológica</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title><italic>Descriptores:</italic></title>
				<kwd>Leucemia infantil</kwd>
				<kwd>Epidemiología pediátrica</kwd>
				<kwd>Desigualdad en el acceso a la atención oncológica</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
            <funding-statement><bold>FONTES DE FINANCIAMENTO:</bold> Sem fontes de financiamento.</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
            <counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="8"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="36"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>O câncer é a segunda maior causa de mortalidade na população pediátrica nos países desenvolvidos e terceira nos países subdesenvolvidos, com dados de 2019<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>).</sup> Dentre essas neoplasias malignas, a leucemia é a doença mais frequente em crianças, com uma proporção de cerca de 30% de todos os cânceres diagnosticados antes dos 15 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Apesar dos avanços no manejo da leucemia pediátrica, assim como detecção precoce, os desafios ainda persistem, sobretudo, em regiões menos favorecidas, como o Nordeste do Brasil, especialmente na Paraíba, em que há uma alta mortalidade, em torno de 26,5%. Além disso, a complexidade e custos associados ao tratamento ressaltam a urgência de ações que integrem a saúde pública e a sua promoção, com foco na prevenção, diagnóstico e acompanhamento apropriados.</p>
			<p>Nesse contexto, a leucemia, principal causa de morte por câncer pediátrico representa um verdadeiro obstáculo para a saúde pública<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. Vale salientar, que a patologia afeta a produção de células do sangue responsáveis pela defesa do organismo. Os sintomas podem variar de acordo com o tipo e o estágio da doença e incluir: astenia, febre, sangramento, hematomas, petéquias distensão e/ou dor abdominal, artralgia, linfonodomegalia, perda de peso ou apetite<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Logo, diante da riqueza clínica da patologia, justifica-se a realização da pesquisa realizada no Hospital Napoleão Laureano, em João Pessoa, Paraíba, considerando a importância de conhecer a realidade das crianças e adolescentes paraibanos diagnosticados, bem como os esforços científicos, legislativos e sociais para reduzir a mortalidade e aumentar a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos. </p>
			<p>A neoplasia hematológica é uma doença grave, porém com o devido suporte tem boas chances de cura, aproximando-se dos 90% quando diagnosticada precocemente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. O prognóstico varia de acordo com o tipo, idade e tratamento. Segundo a literatura, há mais de 12 tipos, sendo que as leucemias agudas se destacam e correspondem a aproximadamente 95% das infantis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>O risco de leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) é ainda maior em crianças com menos de cinco anos de idade e lentamente diminui até os 20 anos, ademais aumenta novamente após os 50 anos. Vale salientar que as formas crônicas são mais raras na infância<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>De acordo com a Estimativa de Incidência de Câncer no Brasil, feita pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA) para o triênio de 2023-2025, sem considerar os tumores de pele não melanoma, a leucemia ocupa a décima posição dos cânceres mais frequentes no Brasil. sendo o em sexto lugar se observa apenas a região Nordeste do país<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Ademais, segundo dados apresentados pelo INCA, em 2022, a incidência de neoplasia hematológica na Paraíba é de 240 novos casos para cada 100 mil habitantes, sendo 60 desses novos diagnósticos feitos na capital do Estado, na cidade João Pessoa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Novas atualizações legislativas no Brasil foram criadas para oferecer um melhor atendimento para o público pediátrico, como a própria Lei 14.308/2022, que veio fomentar pesquisas científicas nos centros hospitalares, a fim de garantir uma melhor atenção oncológica ao paciente infantil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Tudo isso, em consonância com a Lei 14.238/2021, intitulada de Estatuto da Pessoa com Câncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p> Nesse panorama, essa pesquisa se apresenta como um pilar essencial no enfrentamento e promoção de um cuidado mais centrado na pessoa ao traçar o perfil epidemiológico das crianças e adolescentes atendidos em um hospital de referência, analisando dados antropométricos, tempo de diagnóstico, histórico familiar de câncer, manifestações sintomáticas, exames de rastreio, tipos, tratamento e desfecho dos pacientes. Além disso, buscou-se comparar os resultados com achados da literatura e vislumbrar padrões, tendências, bem como lacunas sobre o conhecimento estudado. Assim, temos como objetivo do estudo, analisar o perfil epidemiológico do público infantojuvenil diagnosticado com leucemia em centro oncológico na capital paraibana.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>MÉTODO</title>
			<p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional e retrospectivo para avaliar os prontuários no Hospital Napoleão Laureano, na capital João Pessoa, Paraíba. A instituição é filantrópica, sendo um centro de referência estadual no tratamento de câncer. A pesquisa se deu por meio de um método documental de coorte transversal, descritivo, exploratório e quantitativo com a utilização de questionário próprio. Além disso, coletaram-se dados antropométricos, clínicos e terapêuticos.</p>
			<p>A escolha do Hospital Napoleão Laureano é justificada pela sua relevância no campo da oncologia, devido à grande demanda de indivíduos atendidos, assim como a disponibilidade de informações clínicas. O papel do hospital como uma instituição filantrópica ressalta o compromisso de acesso à saúde, sobretudo em situações críticas e complexas, como as neoplasias hematológicas. Essa dedicação reforça avanços no cuidado clínico e desenvolvimento de políticas públicas voltadas à pediatria oncológica.</p>
			<p>A pesquisa coletou dados do Serviço de Arquivo Médico e Estatística (SAME), no núcleo de prontuários do hospital, entre os meses de setembro a novembro de 2023. Com uma amostra de 83 pacientes (crianças e adolescentes), admitidos durante o período de maio de 2018 a maio de 2023, selecionaram-se um total de 610 prontuários de pacientes com leucemia, em diferentes faixas etárias. Trata-se de uma amostragem não probabilística por conveniência.</p>
			<p>Incluíram-se os prontuários dos pacientes entre 0 anos e 17 anos com diagnóstico confirmado, pertencentes a uma das seguintes categorias: leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA), linfocítica crônica (LLC), mieloide aguda (LMA) e mieloide crônica (LMC), de acordo com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10): C91.0 (LLA); C91.1 (LLC); C92.0 (LMA); C92.1 (LMC) (CID-10, 2023). </p>
			<p>Os critérios de exclusão foram baseados na retirada dos prontuários que inviabilizassem a coleta dos dados, bem como desfecho fora do período demarcado.</p>
			<p>Analisaram-se os seguintes dados epidemiológicos como: idade (mínima de 0 anos e máxima de 17 anos 11 meses e 29 dias), sexo (feminino, masculino), etnia (branco, negro, pardo ou amarelo), procedência (cidade de origem), peso, altura/comprimento e dados relacionados à doença, incluindo histórico familiar de câncer. Ademais, buscou-se o dia da primeira consulta, tempo do início dos sintomas, manifestações sintomáticas iniciais, exames de diagnóstico, tipo, tratamento e desfechos.</p>
			<p>A coleta foi realizada por meio do preenchimento de uma ficha no Google Forms de autoria própria, com base nas informações presentes nos prontuários, como admissão, evoluções, prescrições, laudos, exames complementares e pareceres de especialistas. Os dados coletados foram analisados por meio da estatística descritiva, utilizando os <italic>softwares</italic> estatísticos Microsoft® Excel e IBM SPSS, e os resultados transportados para tabelas e gráficos.</p>
			<p>Realizou-se a descrição das frequências absoluta e/ou relativa das variáveis qualitativas (sexo, etnia, macrorregião). Ademais, a variável quantitativa (idade) foi representada por moda e mediana, calculado o IMC pela fórmula (peso/altura<sup>2</sup>). Para a análise bivariada das respostas dos pacientes, as variáveis independentes nominais e contínuas foram categorizadas em grupos: “faixa etária” (lactente, pré-escolar, escolar e adolescente) e “IMC” (baixo IMC, eutrofia, sobrepeso e obesidade)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Assim, nos questionários dos pacientes, foi aplicado o Teste do Quiquadrado (X²), para avaliar se havia associação entre cada variável - faixa etária, sexo, etnia, macrorregião, peso, altura/ IMC - e as respostas sobre tempo entre o início dos sintomas e a primeira consulta, tipo de cânce e desfechos. Foi empregado o Teste exato de Fisher, quando devidamente oportuno, isto é, quando célula com contagem &lt; 5. </p>
			<p>Este estudo teve o Termo de Anuência autorizado pelo Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital Napoleão Laureano e foi cadastrado na Plataforma Brasil, conforme a Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONEP). Salienta-se que a presente pesquisa também foi submetida ao Comitê de Ética do Centro Universitário de João Pessoa - UNIPÊ (Parecer: 6.261.817), em conformidade com o Conselho Nacional de Saúde (CNS) e Resolução de número 466/2012, que, após aprovada, iniciou-se a coleta de dados. Respeitou-se a privacidade dos pacientes ao manter em sigilo as informações coletadas, sendo apenas acessadas pelos pesquisadores. Destaca-se que o estudo dispensou o TCLE (Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido), uma vez que não identificou os indivíduos envolvidos. Além disso, seguiram-se todas as normas éticas e legais vigentes para o uso de dados em pesquisa científica. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Aplicados os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, o estudo analisou os prontuários das crianças e adolescentes diagnosticados com leucemia no hospital entre maio de 2018 e maio de 2023. Para isso, selecionou-se uma amostra de 83 casos de pacientes diagnosticados até os 17 anos de idade. </p>
			<p>A faixa etária média de idade dos pacientes foi de 6,5 anos, sendo a idade mais frequente de 3 anos (moda) e a mediana de 5 anos, conforme detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela I</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Tabela I</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Faixa etária dos pacientes portadores de leucemia no Hospital Napoleão Laureano, no período de maio de 2018 a maio de 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil, 2023.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Frequência (n)</th>
								<th align="center">Porcentagem (%)</th>
								<th align="center">Porcentagem Válida (%)</th>
								<th align="center">Porcentagem Cumulativa (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Lactante</td>
								<td align="center">10</td>
								<td align="center">12,05</td>
								<td align="center">12,05</td>
								<td align="center">12,05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Pré-Escolar</td>
								<td align="center">37</td>
								<td align="center">44,58</td>
								<td align="center">44,58</td>
								<td align="center">56,63</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Escolar</td>
								<td align="center">13</td>
								<td align="center">15,66</td>
								<td align="center">15,66</td>
								<td align="center">72,29</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Adolescente</td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
								<td align="center">27,71</td>
								<td align="center">27,71</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Total</td>
								<td align="center">83</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
								<td align="center">100,0</td>
								<td align="left"> </td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Fonte: Dados da Pesquisa (2023)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Os pacientes foram divididos em quatro grupos, segundo Tabela I, isto é, lactentes (menores de 2 anos) com 12,05%; pré-escolares (de 2 a 6 anos 11 meses e 29 dias) com maior número de casos 44,58%; escolares (de 7 a 9 anos 11 meses 29 dias) com 15,66%; e adolescentes (de 10 a 17 anos 11 meses e 29 dias) com percentual de 27,71% com a doença. Dentre os selecionados, 39 eram do sexo masculino (47%) e 44 do sexo feminino (53%). Em relação à etnia 76 (91,6%) eram pardos, 5 (6%) dos indivíduos eram brancos, e 1 (1,2%) pretos e amarelos 1 (1,2 %).</p>
			<p>Ademais, os pacientes foram divididos por naturalidade. Vale ressaltar que a Paraíba está dividida em três macrorregiões de saúde, a primeira macro abrange a capital João Pessoa e as cidades circunvizinhas, a segunda engloba Campina Grande e as regiões do agreste e brejo e a terceira e última macro inclui o sertão, com sedes em Patos e Sousa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Destaca-se que a macro 1 tem o maior número de pacientes, com 61 (73,5%), seguida pela macro 3, com 15 (18,1%) e a macro 2, com 4 (4,8%). Por fim, apenas 3 pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> são de origem diversa, isto é, têm naturalidade em outro estado brasileiro. </p>
			<p>Entre o grupo de maior frequência, os pré-escolares, o peso mínimo foi de 11 kg e o máximo de 27,5 kg, enquanto a mediana foi de 17,8 kg. A altura mínima nesse mesmo grupo foi 87 cm, a máxima de 137 cm, e a mediana, 110 cm. Em relação ao Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), considerando todos os grupos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>: 50% estavam eutróficos, 15% dos pacientes estavam abaixo do normal, 35% estavam acima do normal, indicando sobrepeso ou obesidade. </p>
			<p>O tempo entre o início dos sintomas e a primeira consulta apresentou uma frequência modal de 34 pacientes atendidos dentro os 15 primeiros dias de sintomas. Ressalta-se que maioria dos pacientes iniciou o tratamento nesse período (41%), enquanto outros demoraram de 16 a 31 dias (9,6%), entre 31 e 45 dias (3,6%) e mais de 60 dias (6,02%), conforme demostrado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Gráfico 1</xref>:</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Gráfico 1:</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Contagem de tempo entre o início dos sintomas e a primeira consulta em pacientes com leucemia no Hospital Napoleão Laureano, no período de maio de 2018 a maio de 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil, 2023.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1806-1230-rbps-38-e14874-gf1.png"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa (2023)</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Em relação ao tempo de início dos sintomas até a primeira consulta, temos uma dificuldade na pesquisa, haja vista que 33,7% não informaram, conforme <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Gráfico 1</xref>. Além disso, 50,6% dos indivíduos foram a primeira consulta em menos de 30 dias.</p>
			<p>Constatou-se também que os sintomas precoces em pacientes com leucemia variaram bastante, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela II</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabela II</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Sintomas precoces nos portadores de leucemia no Hospital Napoleão Laureano, no período de maio de 2018 a maio de 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil, 2023.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Sintomas</th>
								<th align="center">Frequência(n)</th>
								<th align="center">Porcentagem (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Febre</td>
								<td align="center">55</td>
								<td align="center">66,26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sangramentos, Hematomas, Petéquias</td>
								<td align="center">29</td>
								<td align="center">34,93</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Palidez</td>
								<td align="center">21</td>
								<td align="center">25,30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Astenia</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">24,09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Artralgia</td>
								<td align="center">17</td>
								<td align="center">20,09</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Distensão abdominal</td>
								<td align="center">12</td>
								<td align="center">14,45</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Perda de peso</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">9,63</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Linfonodomegalia</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">8,43</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Dor abdominal</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">7,22</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Perda de apetite</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">4,81</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Vômito</td>
								<td align="center">3</td>
								<td align="center">3,61</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Diarreia ou disenteria</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">2,40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Edema palpebral</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">2,40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crise convulsiva</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">2,40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cefaleia</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Constipação</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Tosse</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cianose perioral</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1,2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sonolência</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">1,2</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa (2023)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A febre foi o sintoma mais prevalente, sendo relatada por 55 pacientes, conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela II</xref>. Além disso, sangramentos, hematomas e petéquias foram o segundo achado sintomático mais relatado. As demais manifestações foram em menor frequência.</p>
			<p>Na pesquisa de contagem de exames de diagnóstico (rastreio), os conjuntos de exames mais recorrentes foram os seguintes: Hemograma, Mielograma, Imunofenotipagem (IF) (30,1%); Hemograma, Mielograma, IF, Biologia Molecular (19,3%); Hemograma, Mielograma (7,2%); Hemograma, Mielograma, IF, Biologia Molecular, Citogenético (4,8%); Hemograma, Mielograma, IF, Citogenético (3,6%); Mielograma (3,6%).</p>
			<p>Acerca da patologia, a leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) foi o tipo mais comum, presente em 62 pacientes (74,7%). Dentro desse grupo, o subtipo LLA B foi o mais prevalente (74,19% ou 46 indivíduos), seguido pelo subtipo LLA T (11,29% ou 7 indivíduos) e pelos casos não especificados, que representaram 14,50% (9 pacientes). A leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) foi o segundo tipo mais comum, representando 22,9% dos casos. A maioria dos casos de LMA não foi especificada (57,90%). Entre os casos especificados, os subtipos M3 e M4 foram os mais frequentes, representando 21,05% e 10,53% dos casos de LMA, respectivamente. Os subtipos M2 e M5 foram menos comuns. Esses dados estão ilustrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela III</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabela III</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Tipos e subtipos dos portadores de leucemia no Hospital Napoleão Laureano, no período de maio de 2018 a maio de 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil, 2023.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Frequência (n)</th>
								<th align="center">Porcentagem (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LLA</td>
								<td align="center">62</td>
								<td align="center">74,7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Subtipo B</td>
								<td align="center">46</td>
								<td align="center">74,19</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Subtipo T</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">11,29</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Não especificado</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">14,50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LMA</td>
								<td align="center">19</td>
								<td align="center">22,9</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LMA M2</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">5,26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LMA M3</td>
								<td align="center">4</td>
								<td align="center">21,05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LMA M4</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">10,53</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LMA M5</td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">5,26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Não especificada</td>
								<td align="center">11</td>
								<td align="center">57,90</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">LMC</td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">2,4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Total</td>
								<td align="center">83</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa (2023)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>A leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) foi o tipo menos comum, representando apenas 2,4% dos casos, já a leucemia linfocítica aguda (LLC) não teve nenhum paciente, de acordo com Tabela III. Esses resultados fornecem uma visão valiosa da prevalência de diferentes tipos e subtipos de leucemia. No entanto, é importante notar que a distribuição pode variar dependendo de vários fatores, incluindo a população de pacientes e as práticas de diagnóstico do hospital.</p>
			<p>Em relação a formas de tratamento, a contagem foi a seguinte: quimioterapia (88% ou 73 indivíduos); quimioterapia, laserterapia (devido à mucosite GIII) (1,2%); quimioterapia, transplante de medula óssea (7,2% ou 6 indivíduos); quimioterapia, radioterapia (1,2% ou 1 indivíduo); quimioterapia, radioterapia, transplante de medula óssea (1,2% ou 1 indivíduo); quimioterapia, imunoterapia (1,2% ou 1 indivíduo).</p>
			<p>Ademais, sobre o desfecho dos pacientes, 37,3% estão em remissão (31 indivíduos); 36,1% estão ainda em processo de tratamento (30 indivíduos). E em menor percentual, 26,5% dos pacientes vieram a óbito (22 indivíduos), de acordo com a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela IV</xref> a seguir:</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabela IV</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Desfecho dos pacientes com leucemia atendidos no Hospital Napoleão Laureano, no período de maio de 2018 a maio de 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brasil, 2023.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left"> </th>
								<th align="center">Frequência (n)</th>
								<th align="center">Porcentagem (%)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Em remissão</td>
								<td align="center">31</td>
								<td align="center">37,3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Em tratamento</td>
								<td align="center">30</td>
								<td align="center">36,1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Óbito</td>
								<td align="center">22</td>
								<td align="center">26,5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Total</td>
								<td align="center">83</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Fonte: Dados da pesquisa (2023)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Entre os pacientes que faleceram, o diagnóstico mais prevalente foi LLA, com um total de 15 pacientes (68,2%) de LLA para 7 pacientes que faleceram com LMA (31,8%), segundo Tabela IV. Adicionalmente, os indivíduos que mais entraram em remissão tiveram diagnóstico prévio de LLA, sendo 22 pacientes com LLA (71%), para 8 com LMA (25,8%) e 1 com LMC (3,2%).</p>
			<p>Sobre informações nos prontuários sobre histórico familiar de câncer, 90,4% dos pacientes não é informado, apenas 7,2% dos pacientes informaram histórico de câncer na família e 2,4% não apresentaram antecedentes familiares.</p>
			<p>Por fim, foi realizada a análise bivariada utilizando o Teste do Quiquadrado ou Teste exato de Fisher. Entretanto, não foi evidenciada a associação significativa entre os dados epidemiológicos - faixa etária, sexo, etnia, macrorregião, peso/ altura, IMC (peso/altura<sup>2</sup>), respostas sobre tempo de início dos sintomas até a primeira consulta, tipo de leucemia e desfechos. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>Os dados obtidos na presente pesquisa delinearam a compressão do perfil epidemiológico de um hospital localizado no Brasil, especialmente em uma região nordestina menos desenvolvida como a Paraíba. Além disso, sinalizam-se as desigualdades no acesso à saúde oncológica pediátrica, bem como a importância de investimentos na rede pública de saúde, qualificação do pessoal e disponibilidade de exames especializados. </p>
			<p>A média de idade dos pacientes no hospital Laureano foi de 6,5 anos, com maior frequência (moda) de 3 anos. Quase 45% dos pacientes pertencem à faixa etária pré-escolar (2 a 6 anos 11 meses e 29 dias) e, dentre esses, a maioria apresenta LLA, o que corrobora com dados da literatura, que também identificou maior incidência nessa faixa etária<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Possivelmente isso tenha relação com fatores genéticos, bem como ao desenvolvimento do sistema imunológico e atividade hematopoese nos primeiros anos de vida<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Os dados da amostra mostraram uma distribuição quase equitativa entre os sexos para a doença, com 47% para o sexo masculino e 53% para o sexo feminino. Salienta-se que, em pesquisa semelhante, Silva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> demostrou uma maior incidência no público feminino, isto é, 1,35 mais chances para as LLA. Todavia, essa realidade difere de vários estudos epidemiológicos, nos quais o sexo masculino apresenta maior predominância<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Dados estimados do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional de João Pessoa para o período de 2023 indicaram uma taxa de leucemia por sexo de 7,67 por 100 mil habitantes para o público masculino e 6,68 por 100 mil para o sexo feminino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Outro achado da pesquisa é que mais de 90% das crianças e adolescente diagnosticados com leucemia são etnia de parda. Segundo a literatura, a etnia pode não ter um impacto significativo na prevalência da doença e mais pesquisas são necessárias para explorar essa relação<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. Ademais, na Paraíba, onde a maioria da população se autodeclara parda, os dados podem apenas refletir uma característica demográfica, sem necessariamente indicar uma relação direta com a prevalência da doença<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. Por conseguinte, o fato de o estudo ter sido realizado em hospital filantrópico, o perfil, sobretudo socioeconômico dos pacientes atendidos, pode estar alinhado à realidade regional de uma população mais vulnerável economicamente. </p>
			<p>Salienta-se que Fonseca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> e Gilio Júnior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, em pesquisas, fizeram associação entre etnia e leucemia com dados notificados pela população pediátrica afetada. Especificamente na região nordestina, os pesquisadores demonstraram que a neoplasia hematológica ocorre com maior frequência entre os pardos. Os dados em relação à região Nordeste são consistentes e reforçam as informações encontrados no hospital Napoleão Laureano, demonstrando maior incidência<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> de pardos.</p>
			<p>No cenário nacional, o maior número de óbitos no Brasil tende a ocorrer entre crianças e adolescentes brancos, sendo os pardos responsáveis pela segunda maior taxa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. O número menor está entre negros, indígenas e amarelos.</p>
			<p>Quanto à distribuição geográfica dos pacientes, estes foram classificados por naturalidade, conforme as três macrorregiões de saúde da Paraíba. A maioria dos pacientes do hospital pertence à macro 1 (73,5%), que inclui a capital, João Pessoa, e as cidades circunvizinhas. Isso sugere que a população diagnosticada busca o serviço de referência mais próximo. </p>
			<p>Em relação à altura e ao peso, para melhor explanação dos dados, foi calculado o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Dos pacientes avaliados, 50% estavam na faixa normal, 15% apresentavam baixo peso e 35% estavam acima do normal, indicando sobrepeso ou obesidade. No entanto, não foi observada significância estatística na associação entre o IMC dos pacientes e a quantidade de óbitos na pesquisa realizada no Hospital Napoleão Laureano. Alguns estudos sugerem que o estado nutricional se mostrou ser fator determinante para mortalidade de pacientes admitidos na unidade de tratamento intensivo (UTI) com p &lt; 0,001, em que os pacientes de baixo peso têm maior chance de óbito quando internados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em 90,4% dos prontuários não é informado se o paciente possui histórico familiar de câncer. Uma possível explicação para essa discrepância é que não está havendo a devida atenção ou que os pacientes não estão sendo orientados a fornecer esse dado. Melhorias no hospital são importantes para capacitação da equipe na coleta e registro e também educar os pacientes sobre a necessidade dessa informação para sua saúde. Salienta-se que a ausência dessas informações pode representar uma lacuna significativa na prática médica e na promoção da saúde. O conhecimento pode ajudar a detectar padrões genéticos que ainda não foram completamente compreendidos pela ciência, bem como permitir avanços, conforme destacado por Schmidt et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Quanto à duração dos sintomas, 20% dos pacientes tiveram manifestações sintomáticas por alguns dias, 60% tiveram sintomas por algumas semanas ou alguns meses e 20% tiveram sintomas por vários meses. Conforme observado por Holanda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, as manifestações clínicas do câncer infantil podem variar dependendo do tipo de tumor. </p>
			<p>De modo geral, febre, palidez, dor e perda de peso são manifestações clínicas de diversos grupos de tumores. A febre costuma ser o sintoma mais comum em 44,6% dos pacientes com diagnóstico de leucemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>. Ademais, artralgia, tendências hemorrágicas, astenia, linfadenomegalia também são importantes. Por isso, há a necessidade de capacitação técnica dos profissionais para identificar a possibilidade de câncer rapidamente, uma vez que uma história e exame físico adequados evidenciam a evolução dos sintomas e suas relações para diagnóstico da patologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Nossa pesquisa corrobora essas informações, uma vez que os sintomas iniciais mais comuns foram: febre (66%), sangramentos, hematomas, petéquias (35%), dor nos ossos e articulações (20%), distensão abdominal (15%). Esses elementos são condizentes com a sintomatologia conhecida da leucemia e destacam a importância de um diagnóstico precoce para um tratamento eficaz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Diante disso, há a necessidade de protocolos de triagem nas unidades de saúde para encaminhamento aos centros de referência, bem como campanhas educativas para conscientização dos pais e responsáveis sobre os sintomas da doença. Essas ações ajudam em intervenções rápidas e minimizam, sobretudo, impactos da patologia. A combinação dessas estratégias pode transformar o cenário do suporte precoce da doença no Brasil e contribuir para promoção da saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>As leucemias agudas constituem um grupo muito heterogéneo de doenças com diferentes características clínicas, morfológicas, imunológicas e moleculares, caracterizadas por transformação maligna e proliferação descontrolada ao nível de células precursoras imaturas (blastos) do sistema hematopoiético. Como resultado, estas células se acumulam na medula óssea e no sangue periférico, podendo migrar e invadir outros órgãos. Danos à linhagem mieloide levam ao desenvolvimento da leucemia mieloide aguda LMA. Inversamente, quando a linhagem linfoide é comprometida, ocorre a leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A leucemia mieloide são tumores agressivos que ocorrem nas células-tronco hematopoiéticas. A taxa de produção na medula óssea no sangue periférico e em outros tecidos aumenta, e a apoptose de células primitivas e blastócitos diminui, levando à insuficiência da medula óssea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. Seu diagnóstico depende da presença de mais de 20% de blastos no sangue ou na medula óssea. </p>
			<p>A LMA é dividida em oito subtipos: M0 ou mieloide aguda indiferenciada, M1 ou mieloide aguda de baixa maturação, M2 ou mieloide aguda com maturação, M3 ou mieloide aguda promielocítica; M4 ou mielomonocítica, M5 ou mieloide aguda monocítica, M6 ou eritroide e M7 ou mieloide aguda megacarioblástica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. A LMA mais comum nesta pesquisa no Hospital Napoleão Laureano foi a LMA M3 (21,05%) e está de acordo com outros estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Existem muitos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de LMA, sendo os mais proeminentes: ambientais, como a exposição à radiação ionizante, pesticidas, benzeno e herbicidas; genéticos, como anemia de Falconi, síndrome de Kosterman, síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich, síndrome de Down e de Klinefelter<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Os fatores de risco incluem o uso de medicamentos como agentes alquilantes, cloranfenicol, inibidores da topoisomerase II e metoxipsoraleno 10. </p>
			<p>A produção insuficiente de glóbulos vermelhos pode causar dificuldade para respirar quando se está fraco, cansado ou fazendo esforço. A gravidade está relacionada ao grau e à velocidade do início da anemia. Números insuficientes de glóbulos brancos (leucopenia) podem levar à infecção<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>), (</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Em nossa pesquisa, a leucemia aguda foi o diagnóstico (97,6% dos casos), com a crônica representando os 2,4% restantes. Desse modo, a prevalência relatada nas mais variadas literaturas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>De acordo com um estudo publicado na revista Experimental Hematology &amp; Oncology, a incidência de neoplasia hematológica varia de acordo com os tipos patológicos e entre diferentes populações<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Globalmente, enquanto o número de novos casos de leucemia diagnosticados aumentou de 354,5 mil, em 1990, para 518,5 mil, em 2017, a taxa de incidência padronizada por idade (ASIR) diminuiu 0,43% ao ano<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. O número de casos de leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) em todo o mundo aumentou de 49,1 mil, em 1990, para 64,2 mil, em 2017, enquanto a ASIR experimentou uma diminuição<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Outro estudo publicado na mesma revista mostrou que a carga da doença mieloide crônica (LMC) diminuiu globalmente de 1990 a 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. Países com maior Índice de Desenvolvimento Social (SDI) alcançaram um efeito notável na diminuição da carga da LMC. No entanto, devido ao crescimento populacional, a incidência e anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (DALYs) da LMC em quintis de SDI mais baixos mostraram uma tendência ascendente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Salienta-se que a LMC apresenta padrões distintos, a depender, sobretudo, da faixa etária. Essa doença é rara em crianças e adolescentes, representando 2% dos casos, já em idosos a LMC é mais prevalente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. No estudo conduzido, em uma população pediátrica de um estado economicamente desfavorecido, a incidência inferida foi condizente à realidade global, representando 2,4% no público pediátrico.</p>
			<p>O Estado da Paraíba apresenta um Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) de 0,698, e é classificado como médio dentro do contexto nacional, no entanto reflete desigualdades socioeconômicas que impactam o acesso à saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. Além disso, quase metade da população paraibana vive abaixo da linha da pobreza, o que dita a necessidade de políticas públicas voltadas para à promoção da saúde e redução das desigualdades e melhor assistência<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Segundo estudos, a taxa de sucesso é superior a 90% quando o cuidado é iniciado precocemente, enquanto atrasos no início do cuidado reduziram a taxa de sucesso para menos de 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Entretanto, na pesquisa realizada no Laureano, observou-se que, entre os pacientes que evoluíram para óbito, 72% iniciaram o tratamento dentro dos primeiros 15 dias após a consulta inicial, sugerindo que, embora o manejo precoce aumente as chances de sucesso, outros fatores individuais e clínicos são contributivos para resultados desfavoráveis.</p>
			<p>Ressalta-se que, em muitos casos, a espera de começo da terapia pode apresentar uma menor taxa de sucesso terapêutico. Por exemplo, observou-se que 19,0% dos pacientes que vieram a óbito iniciaram o manejo de terapia entre 16 e 30 dias após a primeira consulta, já 4,8% das mortes tiveram um atraso superior a 30 dias. Dessa forma, é preciso eliminar os longos atrasos, uma vez que um tratamento imediato aumenta a índice de sobrevivência.</p>
			<p>A adoção de estratégias que priorizem o diagnóstico e o início rápido terapêutico, assim como a eliminação de entraves ao acesso, melhoram os resultados clínicos e reduzem os índices de mortalidade pediátricos.</p>
			<p>Quando analisamos a taxa de mortalidade por leucemia pediátrica comparada com os dados apresentados, observam-se disparidades significativas que refletem desigualdades no acesso à saúde. Enquanto a mortalidade em países desenvolvidos costuma variar entre 5% e 10%, a taxa observada de cerca de 26,5% representa um quantitativo alto<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Essas diferenças podem ser atribuídas a fatores como acesso limitado de diagnóstico, infraestrutura hospitalar e desigualdades socioeconômicas, que são características da região Nordeste do Brasil. Em oposição, países desenvolvidos contam com avanços tecnológicos, maior disponibilidade de especialistas e políticas de saúde mais eficientes, que garantem melhores desfechos.</p>
			<p>Segundo a literatura científica, para leucemias agudas, o atraso médio no suporte é agravante, e sugere que essas doenças, muitas vezes, requerem manejo urgente e, portanto, apresentam atrasos mais curtos em comparação com outros tipos de câncer infantil<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>No caso específico da LMC, há pesquisas que mostram que o atraso no tratamento não afeta a resposta clínica ou a sobrevida dos pacientes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. No entanto, para o mesmo tipo de doença, o cuidado imediato está associado a uma melhor sobrevida em comparação ao manejo não imediato<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. Na LLA infantil, o atraso no início da quimioterapia não leva ao aumento de casos de recidiva, mortes ou hospitalização prolongada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Para os casos de LMC, os pacientes que foram tratados mais cedo tiveram 60% de chance de remissão, enquanto aqueles que foram tratados um ano após o diagnóstico tiveram 40% de chance de remissão<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>. Esses dados reforçam a necessidade de um diagnóstico precoce e demonstram que com um suporte imediato há maiores chances de remissão. No contexto de uma população pediátrica de um Estado economicamente desfavorecido, dificuldades de acesso adequado podem surgir. Assim, políticas públicas, treinamento de equipe, conscientização da população que corroborem com uma detecção rápida são sempre bem-vindas, uma vez que o lapso temporal pode influenciar no desfecho da doença. No que se refere ao manejo - de acordo com a literatura científica, dependendo do tipo de leucemia, das alterações moleculares encontradas, da idade do paciente no momento do diagnóstico e da presença de outras comorbidades -, geralmente é realizado através de quimioterapia, radioterapia, imunoterapia ou transplante de medula óssea<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>No entanto, a quimioterapia é geralmente a principal opção de suporte, exceto para o LMC, para o qual a vigilância ativa sem quimioterapia é mais comum na ausência de complicações maiores (anemia ou trombocitopenia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Na pesquisa realizada, a quimioterapia foi o tratamento mais comum (80% dos casos), por ser o cuidado de escolha para LLA, seguida pelo transplante de medula óssea (15%) e imunoterapia (5%). A radioterapia foi usada em menos de 5% dos casos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Ao desconsiderar os pacientes em cuidados paliativos, a taxa de remissão no hospital foi de aproximadamente 60%. Todavia, segundo levantamento do American Cancer Society, as taxas de sobrevida global em 5 anos são cerca de 90% para LLA e 70% para LMA<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>. A LLA, que afeta células linfoides, geralmente tem uma melhor resposta às terapias disponíveis. Por outro lado, a LMA tem alterações genéticas mais complexas e resistência, o que dificulta a resposta e aumenta as recidivas. Além disso, a LLA é mais comum em crianças, devido à maior capacidade de regeneração celular e menos comorbidades. Já a LMA é mais prevalente em adultos mais velhos, cuja saúde costuma ser mais debilitada, com a presença do declínio imunológico.</p>
			<p>Um estudo publicado na revista Scientific Programming destacou que a detecção precoce e o diagnóstico, ou seja, a diferenciação precisa de leucócitos malignos com custos mínimos nos estágios iniciais da doença, é um grande problema no domínio do diagnóstico de doenças<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>. O estudo também mencionou que o uso de aprendizado de máquina para processar imagens de esfregaço de leucemia pode melhorar a precisão, reduzir o tempo de diagnóstico e fornecer serviços de diagnóstico mais rápidos, mais baratos e mais seguros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em resumo, esta pesquisa no hospital Laureano fornece dados valiosos sobre o perfil demográfico, diagnóstico, tratamento e desfechos da doença em pacientes diagnosticados com leucemia. No entanto, apesar dos esforços de parcela de pesquisadores, os investimentos ainda são escassos, limitando a geração de informações mais robustas. A precariedade estrutural, bem como limitações organizacionais tecnológicos e de acesso impactam a saúde coletiva. </p>
			<p>Logo, mais estudos são necessários para confirmar essas descobertas e explorar mais profundamente as implicações desses resultados. Considerando que o Estatuto da pessoa com câncer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> (14.238/2021), bem como a lei da Política Nacional de Atenção à Oncologia Pediátrica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> (14.308/2022), em seu artigo 8, reforça ações de pesquisa nos centros hospitalares, a fim de promover a saúde dos pacientes , compreender a realidade e permitir melhorias. Dentre as lacunas mais evidentes está a falta de uma infraestrutura adequada em regiões desfavorecidas, especialmente em Estados com índices de desenvolvimento baixo, como exemplo da Paraíba, que carece ainda de recursos financeiros, tecnológicos e humanos para ofertar um serviço de melhor qualidade.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSÃO</title>
			<p>O estudo realizado no Hospital Napoleão Laureano fornece contribuições significativas para compreensão do perfil epidemiológico da população infantojuvenil com leucemia na Paraíba, além de reforçar o aprimoramento dos processos de diagnóstico e investimentos em uma região carente. Observou-se também a prevalência da doença, sendo mais alta em crianças na faixa etária dos pré-escolares (2 a 6 anos), com maior incidência da LLA, dados estes condizentes com a literatura internacional. Ademais, a predominância da etnia parda reflete características regionais demográficas, como também aponta para possíveis desigualdades socias de acesso aos serviços especializados da rede pública.</p>
			<p>A pesquisa relevou a urgência de estratégias efetivas de capacitação dos profissionais e conscientização da população sobre o diagnóstico da patologia. Além disso, nos casos documentados, uma pequena parcela dos pacientes começou o suporte da doença dentro de 15 dias depois dos sintomas. Nesse panorama, reforça-se a necessidade de eliminar longos atrasos na assistência, uma vez que impacta diretamente na sobrevivência do assistido. </p>
			<p>A mortalidade observada na pesquisa foi alta, comparada à média global dos países desenvolvidos. Assim, demostra-se a necessidade de melhorias contínuas no manejo da doença. Ademais, o cenário reflete as desigualdades regionais no acesso à saúde oncológica e evidencia a necessidade de intervenções urgentes para garantir o cuidado integral e oportuno a crianças e adolescentes. Logo, as limitações, especialmente relacionadas aos recursos humanos, às desigualdades e à infraestrutura devem ser observadas para elaboração de políticas públicas direcionadas à saúde. </p>
			<p>Portanto, as informações obtidas sinalizam abordagens intersetoriais no enfrentamento da leucemia pediátrica, por meio da capacitação profissional, assistência social e educação que potencialize a detecção precoce e adesão ao manejo clínico. Também se destaca a importância da formação de redes de apoio com envolvimento dos familiares e comunidade, a fim de promover a qualidade de vida e minimizar impactos psicossociais. Além disso, é fundamental o investimento na continuidade de pesquisas neste campo, com foco nas peculiaridades regionais e nas desigualdades, visando à geração de novos conhecimentos.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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						<etal/>
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						</name>
						<name>
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							<given-names>D</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abolghasemi</surname>
							<given-names>H</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Roshanpour</surname>
							<given-names>A</given-names>
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				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
				<label>FONTES DE FINANCIAMENTO</label>
				<p> Sem fontes de financiamento.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5020/18061230.2025.14874</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Original Article</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Epidemiology in pediatric patients with leukemia in a reference hospital in Paraíba</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-2057-5876</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Muniz</surname>
						<given-names>Raphael Estevão de Sousa</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>development of the manuscript</role>
					<role>preparation</role>
					<role>collection</role>
					<role>content</role>
					<role>interpretation</role>
					<role>completeness</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-5272-2667</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Secundo</surname>
						<given-names>Daniel Figueirêdo Macêdo</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>development of the manuscript</role>
					<role>preparation</role>
					<role>collection</role>
					<role>content</role>
					<role>interpretation</role>
					<role>completeness</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-2449-5250</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Albuquerque</surname>
						<given-names>Péricles Davidson Franco de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>development of the manuscript</role>
					<role>preparation</role>
					<role>collection</role>
					<role>content</role>
					<role>interpretation</role>
					<role>completeness</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-2555-0938</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Costa</surname>
						<given-names>Antônio Ferreira da</given-names>
						<suffix>Júnior</suffix>
					</name>
					<role>development of the manuscript</role>
					<role>preparation</role>
					<role>collection</role>
					<role>content</role>
					<role>interpretation</role>
					<role>completeness</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6571-2409</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Jesus</surname>
						<given-names>Vinícius Filgueira Coelho de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>development of the manuscript</role>
					<role>preparation</role>
					<role>collection</role>
					<role>content</role>
					<role>interpretation</role>
					<role>completeness</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-6213-5983</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Quintans</surname>
						<given-names>Ynnaiana Navarro de Lima Santana</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>development of the manuscript</role>
					<role>preparation</role>
					<role>collection</role>
					<role>content</role>
					<role>interpretation</role>
					<role>completeness</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">João Pessoa University Center (Centro Universitário de João Pessoa (UNIPÊ)). João Pessoa - Paraíba - Brazil</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">João Pessoa University Center</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>João Pessoa</city>
						<state>Paraíba</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement" id="fn3">
					<label>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND CONFLICTS OF INTEREST</label>
					<p> The authors have reported no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective: </title>
					<p>To analyze the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia at an oncology center in the capital of Paraíba. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method:</title>
					<p> Observational, documentary, descriptive, and retrospective study, through the evaluation of medical records of 83 pediatric patients diagnosed with leukemia between May 2018 and May 2023, at the philanthropic hospital Napoleão Laureano, Paraíba. Anthropometric data, family history, treatment, and outcome were collected. The research site was chosen due to high demand and its location as a reference center. Data were collected using a structured form for statistical analysis of absolute and relative frequencies, in addition to the application of the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test for bivariate analysis. The results were presented in tables and graphs.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>The average age range was 6.5 years, with a higher incidence in preschool children (44.58%). There was a greater predominance of females (53%) and mixed race (91.6%). Macroregion 1 had the highest number of patients (73.5%). The most prevalent symptoms were fever (66.26%), bleeding, bruising, and petechiae (34.93%). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was the most common type (74.7%), including among deaths (68.2%). Chemotherapy was the most commonly used treatment (88%). </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion: </title>
					<p>The study revealed information about the epidemiological profile of the pediatric leukemia population in Paraíba. Despite the high potential for cure, mortality was high compared to developed countries, possibly resulting from limited access and socioeconomic factors. Therefore, improving information recording, as well as early detection, are essential actions, in addition to encouraging professional training strategies and investment in treatments.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Descriptors:</title>
				<kwd>Childhood leukemia</kwd>
				<kwd>Pediatric epidemiology</kwd>
				<kwd>Inequality in access to oncological health</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
            <funding-statement><bold>FINANCING SOURCES:</bold> No sources of funding.</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality in the pediatric population in developed countries and third in underdeveloped countries, according to data from 2019<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Among these malignant neoplasms, leukemia is the most common disease in children, with a proportion of approximately 30% of all cancers diagnosed before the age of 15<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Despite advances in the management of pediatric leukemia, as well as early detection, challenges persist, especially in less favored regions, such as the Northeast of Brazil, particularly in Paraíba, where there is a high mortality rate, around 26.5%. In addition, the complexity and costs associated with treatment highlight the urgency of actions that integrate public health and its promotion, focusing on the appropriate prevention, diagnosis, and follow-up.</p>
				<p>In this context, leukemia, the principal cause of death by pediatric cancer, represents a real obstacle to public health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. It is noteworthy that the pathology affects the production of blood cells responsible for defending the body. Symptoms may vary depending on the type and stage of the disease and include asthenia, fever, bleeding, bruising, petechiae, abdominal distension and/or pain, arthralgia, lymph node enlargement, weight loss or appetite loss<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Therefore, given the clinical richness of the pathology, the research carried out at the Napoleão Laureano Hospital, in João Pessoa, Paraíba, is justified, considering the importance of knowing the reality of diagnosed children and adolescents from Paraíba, as well as the scientific, legislative and social efforts to reduce mortality and increase the quality of life of individuals. </p>
				<p>Hematological neoplasia is a serious disease, but with proper support, it has a good chance of being cured, approaching 90% when diagnosed early<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. The prognosis varies depending on the type, age, and treatment. According to the literature, there are more than 12 types, with acute leukemia standing out and accounting for approximately 95% of childhood leukemias<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is even higher in children under five years of age and slowly decreases until age 20, then increases again after age 50. It is worth noting that chronic forms are rarer in childhood <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>According to the Estimate of Cancer Incidence in Brazil, prepared by the National Cancer Institute (INCA) for the three years 2023-2025, without considering non-melanoma skin tumors, leukemia ranks tenth among the most common cancers in Brazil. Sixth place is observed only in the Northeast region of the country<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Furthermore, according to data presented by INCA, in 2022, the incidence of hematological neoplasia in Paraíba was 240 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with 60 of these new diagnoses in João Pessoa, the state capital<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>New legislative updates in Brazil were created to offer better care for the pediatric population, such as Law 14,308/2022, which encouraged scientific research in hospital centers to ensure better oncological care for pediatric patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. All this, following Law 14.238/2021, entitled the Statute of People with Cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>In this context, this research presents itself as an essential pillar in confronting and promoting more person-centered care by outlining the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents treated at a referral hospital, analyzing anthropometric data, time of diagnosis, family history of cancer, symptomatic manifestations, screening tests, types, treatment, and patient outcomes. Furthermore, we sought to compare results with findings in the literature and to glimpse patterns, trends, as well as gaps in the knowledge studied. Thus, the objective of this study is to analyze the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia in an oncology center in the capital of Paraíba.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHOD</title>
				<p>It is an observational, retrospective study evaluating medical records at the Napoleão Laureano Hospital in João Pessoa, Paraíba. The institution is a philanthropic institution and a state-recognized cancer treatment center. The research was conducted using a cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory, and quantitative cohort documentary method using our questionnaire. In addition, anthropometric, clinical, and therapeutic data were collected.</p>
				<p>The choice of Hospital Napoleão Laureano is justified by its relevance in the field of oncology, due to the high demand for individuals assisted, as well as the availability of clinical information. The hospital’s role as a philanthropic institution highlights its commitment to access to healthcare, especially in critical and complex situations, such as hematologic neoplasms. This dedication reinforces advances in clinical care and the development of public policies aimed at pediatric oncology.</p>
				<p>The research collected data from the Medical Archive and Statistics Service (SAME) in the hospital’s medical records center, between September and November 2023. With a sample of 83 patients (children and adolescents) admitted during the period from May 2018 to May 2023, a total of 610 medical records of patients with leukemia were selected, in different age groups. It is a non-probabilistic convenience sampling.</p>
				<p>The medical records of patients aged between 0 and 17 years with a confirmed diagnosis, belonging to one of the following categories, were included: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10): C91.0 (ALL); C91.1 (CLL); C92.0 (AML); C92.1 (CML) (ICD-10, 2023). </p>
				<p>The exclusion criteria were based on the removal of medical records that made data collection unfeasible, as well as outcomes outside the defined period.</p>
				<p>The following epidemiological data were analyzed: age (minimum 0 years and maximum 17 years 11 months and 29 days), gender (female, male), ethnicity (white, black, brown or Asian), origin (city of origin), weight, height/length and data related to the disease, including family history of cancer. Furthermore, the date of the first consultation, time of onset of symptoms, initial symptomatic manifestations, diagnostic tests, type, treatment, and outcomes were sought.</p>
				<p>The data collection was conducted by filling out a form on Google Forms created by the authors, based on information in the medical records, such as admission, progress, prescriptions, reports, complementary exams, and specialist opinions. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, using Microsoft® Excel and IBM SPSS statistical software, and the results were presented in tables and graphs.</p>
				<p>The absolute and/or relative frequencies of the qualitative variables (gender, ethnicity, macro-region) were described. Furthermore, the quantitative variable (age) was represented by mode and median, and the BMI was calculated using the formula (weight/height<sup>2</sup>). For the bivariate analysis of patient responses, the nominal and continuous independent variables were categorized into groups: “age group” (infant, preschool, school, and adolescent) and “BMI” (low BMI, normal weight, overweight, and obesity)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Thus, the Chi-square test (X²) was applied to the patients’ questionnaires to assess whether there was an association between each variable - age group, gender, ethnicity, macro-region, weight, height/BMI - and the responses regarding the time between the onset of symptoms and the first consultation, type of cancer, and outcomes. Fisher’s exact test was used when appropriate, that is, when cells had a count &lt; 5. </p>
				<p>This study applied the Term of Consent authorized by the Teaching and Research Center of Hospital Napoleão Laureano and was registered on the Plataforma Brasil, following the National Research Ethics Committee (CONEP). It should be noted that this research was also submitted to the Ethics Committee of the João Pessoa University Center - UNIPÊ (Opinion: 6,261,817), under the National Health Council (CNS) and Resolution number 466/2012, which, after approval, began data collection. Patients’ privacy was respected by keeping the collected information confidential, with it only being accessed by researchers. It is relevant to note that the study did not require an Informed Consent Form (ICF), since it did not identify the individuals involved. Furthermore, all current ethical and legal standards for the use of data in scientific research were followed. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study analyzed the medical records of children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia in the hospital between May 2018 and May 2023. To do this, a sample of 83 cases of patients diagnosed up to 17 years old was selected. </p>
				<p>The mean age of the patients was 6.5 years, with the most frequent age being 3 years (mode) and the median being 5 years, as detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table I</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Table I</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Age range of patients with leukemia at Hospital Napoleão Laureano, from may 2018 to may 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, 2023.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Frequency (n)</th>
									<th align="center">Percentage (%)</th>
									<th align="center">Valid Percentage (%)</th>
									<th align="center">Cumulative Percentage (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Lactating</td>
									<td align="center">10</td>
									<td align="center">12.05</td>
									<td align="center">12.05</td>
									<td align="center">12.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Preschool</td>
									<td align="center">37</td>
									<td align="center">44.58</td>
									<td align="center">44.58</td>
									<td align="center">56.63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">School</td>
									<td align="center">13</td>
									<td align="center">15.66</td>
									<td align="center">15.66</td>
									<td align="center">72.29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Teenager</td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
									<td align="center">27.71</td>
									<td align="center">27.71</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Total</td>
									<td align="center">83</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="center">100.0</td>
									<td align="left"> </td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>Source: Research Data (2023)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The patients were divided into four groups, according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table I</xref>, that is, infants (under 2 years old) with 12.05%; preschoolers (from 2 to 6 years 11 months and 29 days) with the highest number of cases 44.58%; schoolchildren (from 7 to 9 years 11 months and 29 days) with 15.66%; and adolescents (from 10 to 17 years 11 months and 29 days) with a percentage of 27.71% with the disease. Among those selected, 39 were male (47%) and 44 were female (53%). Regarding ethnicity, 76 (91.6%) were brown, 5 (6%) were white, and 1 (1.2%) black and 1 (1.2%) yellow.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, the patients were divided by place of birth. It is worth noting that Paraíba is divided into three health macro-regions: the first encompasses the capital, João Pessoa, and surrounding cities; the second encompasses Campina Grande and the Agreste and Brejo regions; and the third and final macro-region includes the Sertão region (Hinterland), with headquarters in Patos and Sousa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>It is noteworthy that macro 1 has the highest number of patients, with 61 (73.5%), followed by macro 3, with 15 (18.1%), and macro 2, with 4 (4.8%). Finally, only 3 patients (3.6%) are of diverse origin, that is, they were born in another Brazilian state. </p>
				<p>Among the most frequent group, preschoolers, the minimum weight was 11 kg and the maximum was 27.5 kg, while the median was 17.8 kg. The minimum height in this same group was 87 cm, the maximum was 137 cm, and the median was 110 cm. Regarding Body Mass Index (BMI), considering all groups<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>: 50% were eutrophic, 15% of patients were below normal, 35% were above normal, indicating overweight or obesity. </p>
				<p>The time between the onset of symptoms and the first appointment showed a modal frequency of 34 patients seen within the first 15 days of symptoms. It is worth noting that the majority of patients started treatment during this period (41%), while others took 16 to 31 days (9.6%), between 31 and 45 days (3.6%), and more than 60 days (6.02%), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Graph 1</xref>:</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Graph 1:</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Time count between the onset of symptoms and the first consultation in patients with leukemia at Hospital Napoleão Laureano, from May 2018 to May 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, 2023.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1806-1230-rbps-38-e14874-gf2.png"/>
						<attrib>Source: Research data (2023)</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Regarding the time from the beginning of symptoms to the first consultation, we had difficulty in the research, since 33.7% did not inform, as shown in Graph 1. In addition, 50.6% of individuals went to their first consultation in less than 30 days.</p>
				<p>It was also found that early symptoms in patients with leukemia varied greatly, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table II</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table II</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Early symptoms in leukemia patients at Hospital Napoleão Laureano, from may 2018 to may 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, 2023.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">symptoms</th>
									<th align="center">Frequency(n)</th>
									<th align="center">Percentage (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fever</td>
									<td align="center">55</td>
									<td align="center">66.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BLEEDING, BRUISES, PETECHIAE</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
									<td align="center">34.93</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">paleness</td>
									<td align="center">21</td>
									<td align="center">25.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">asthenia</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">24.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Arthralgia</td>
									<td align="center">17</td>
									<td align="center">20.09</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BDOMINAL DISTENSION</td>
									<td align="center">12</td>
									<td align="center">14.45</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">loss of weight</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">9.63</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LYMPHONOMEDALY</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">8.43</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">abdominal pain</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">7.22</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LOSS OF APPETITE</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">4.81</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">VOMITING</td>
									<td align="center">3</td>
									<td align="center">3.61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DIARRHEA OR DYSENTERY</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">2.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Eyelid edema</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">2.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CONVULSIVE SEIZURE</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">2.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HEADACHE</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CONSTIPATION</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">cough</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Perioral cyanosis</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">sleepiness</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">1.2</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>Source: Research data (2023)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Fever was the most prevalent symptom, reported by 55 patients, as shown in Table II. Bleeding, bruising, and petechiae were the second most frequently reported symptomatic findings. Other manifestations were less frequent.</p>
				<p>In the survey of diagnostic exam counts (screening), the most recurrent sets of exams were the following: Complete Blood Count, Myelogram, Immunophenotyping ((30.1%); Complete Blood Count, Myelogram, Immunophenotyping, Molecular Biology (19.3%); Complete Blood Count, Myelogram (7.2%); Complete Blood Count, Myelogram, Immunophenotyping, Molecular Biology, Cytogenetic (4.8%); Complete Blood Count, Myelogram, Immunophenotyping, Cytogenetic (3.6%); Myelogram (3.6%).</p>
				<p>Regarding the pathology, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most common type, present in 62 patients (74.7%). Within this group, the B-ALL subtype was the most prevalent (74.19% or 46 individuals), followed by the T-ALL subtype (11.29% or 7 individuals) and unspecified cases, which represented 14.50% (9 patients). Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was the second most common type, accounting for 22.9% of cases. The majority of AML cases were unspecified (57.90%). Among the specified cases, subtypes M3 and M4 were the most frequent, representing 21.05% and 10.53% of AML cases, respectively. Subtypes M2 and M5 were less common. These data are illustrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table III</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table III</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Types and subtypes of leukemia carriers at Hospital Napoleão Laureano, from may 2018 to may 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, 2023.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Frequency (n)</th>
									<th align="center">Percentage (%)</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">LLA</th>
									<th align="center">62</th>
									<th align="center">74.7</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">SUBTYPE B</td>
									<td align="center">46</td>
									<td align="center">74.19</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">SUBTYPE T</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">11.29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">UNSPECIFIED</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">14.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LMA</td>
									<td align="center">19</td>
									<td align="center">22.9</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LMA M2</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">5.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LMA M3</td>
									<td align="center">4</td>
									<td align="center">21.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LMA M4</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">10.53</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LMA M5</td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">5.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">NOT SPECIFIED</td>
									<td align="center">11</td>
									<td align="center">57.90</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">LMC</td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">2.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
									<td align="center">83</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>Source: Research data (2023)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was the least common type, accounting for only 2.4% of cases, while acute lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) had no patients, according to Table III. These results provide valuable insight into the prevalence of different types and subtypes of leukemia. However, it is relevant to note that distribution may vary depending on several factors, including the patient population and the hospital’s diagnostic practices.</p>
				<p>Regarding forms of treatment, the count was as follows: chemotherapy (88% or 73 individuals); chemotherapy, laser therapy (due to GIII mucositis) (1.2%); chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant (7.2% or 6 individuals); chemotherapy, radiotherapy (1.2% or 1 individual); chemotherapy, radiotherapy, bone marrow transplant (1.2% or 1 individual); chemotherapy, immunotherapy (1.2% or 1 individual).</p>
				<p>Furthermore, regarding the outcome of the patients, 37.3% are in remission (31 individuals); 36.1% are still undergoing treatment (30 individuals). And in a smaller percentage, 26.5% of the patients died (22 individuals), according to <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table IV</xref> below:</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table IV</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Outcome of patients with leukemia treated at Hospital Napoleão Laureano, from may 2018 to may 2023. João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil, 2023.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left"> </th>
									<th align="center">Frequency (n)</th>
									<th align="center">Percentage (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">N REMISSION</td>
									<td align="center">31</td>
									<td align="center">37.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">UNDER TREATMENT</td>
									<td align="center">30</td>
									<td align="center">36.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DEATH</td>
									<td align="center">22</td>
									<td align="center">26.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Total</td>
									<td align="center">83</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Source: Research data (2023)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Among the patients who died, the most prevalent diagnosis was ALL, with a total of 15 patients (68.2%) with ALL to 7 patients who died with AML (31.8%), according to Table IV. Additionally, the individuals who most entered remission had a previous diagnosis of ALL, 22 patients with ALL (71%), 8 with AML (25.8%), and 1 with CML (3.2%).</p>
				<p>Regarding information in medical records about family history of cancer, 90.4% of patients were not informed, only 7.2% of patients reported a family history of cancer, and 2.4% had no family history.</p>
				<p>Finally, bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. However, no significant association was found between epidemiological data - age group, gender, ethnicity, macro-region, weight/height, BMI (weight/height<sup>2</sup>), responses related to time from onset of symptoms to the first consultation, type of leukemia, and outcomes. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>The data obtained in this research outlined the compression of the epidemiological profile of a hospital located in Brazil, especially in a less developed northeastern region such as Paraíba. Furthermore, inequalities in access to pediatric oncological health are highlighted, as well as the importance of investments in the public health network, staff qualifications, and the availability of specialized exams. </p>
				<p>The average age of patients at Laureano Hospital was 6.5 years, with a higher frequency (mode) of 3 years. Almost 45% of patients belong to the preschool age group (2 to 6 years, 11 months, and 29 days), and among these, the majority present ALL, which corroborates data from the literature, which also identified a higher incidence in this age group<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. It is possibly related to genetic factors, as well as the development of the immune system and hematopoietic activity in the first years of life<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The sample data showed an almost equal distribution between the genders for the disease, with 47% males and 53% females. It should be noted that, in a similar study, Silva<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> demonstrated a higher incidence in the female population, that is, 1.35 times more likely to have ALL. However, this reality differs from several epidemiological studies, in which males are more predominant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Estimated data from the João Pessoa Population-Based Cancer Registry for the period 2023 indicated a leukemia rate by gender of 7.67 per 100,000 inhabitants for males and 6.68 per 100,000 for females<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Another finding of the research is that more than 90% of children and adolescents diagnosed with leukemia are brown. According to the literature, ethnicity may not have a significant impact on disease prevalence, and more research is needed to explore this relationship<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. Furthermore, in Paraíba, where the majority of the population identifies as brown, the data may only reflect a demographic characteristic, without necessarily indicating a direct relationship with the prevalence of the disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. Therefore, the fact that the study was carried out in a philanthropic hospital, the profile, especially the socioeconomic profile of the patients treated, may be aligned with the regional reality of a more economically vulnerable population. </p>
				<p>It should be noted that Fonseca<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> and Gilio Júnior<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, in research, made an association between ethnicity and leukemia with data reported by the affected pediatric population. Specifically, in the Northeast region, researchers demonstrated that hematologic neoplasia occurs more frequently among brown people. The data in relation to the Northeast region are consistent and reinforce the information found at the Napoleão Laureano hospital, demonstrating a higher incidence<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> of brown people.</p>
				<p>Nationally, the highest number of deaths in Brazil tends to occur among white children and adolescents, with brown children responsible for the second highest rate<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>. The lowest number is among black, indigenous, and Asian children.</p>
				<p>Regarding the geographical distribution of patients, they were classified according to the place of birth, three health macroregions of Paraíba. Most hospital patients belong to macro 1 (73.5%), which includes the capital, João Pessoa, and the surrounding cities. It suggests that the diagnosed population seeks the nearest reference service. </p>
				<p>Regarding height and weight, for a better explanation of the data, the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Of the patients evaluated, 50% were in the normal range, 15% were underweight, and 35% were above normal, indicating overweight or obesity. However, no statistical significance was observed in the association between patients’ BMI and the number of deaths in the research carried out at Hospital Napoleão Laureano. Some studies suggest that nutritional status is a determining factor in the mortality of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), with p &lt; 0.001, in which low-weight patients have a greater chance of death when admitted<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In 90.4% of medical records, it is not stated whether the patient has a family history of cancer. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is that due attention is not being given or that patients are not being instructed to provide this information. Improvements in the hospital are relevant for training staff in collection and recording, and also educating patients about the need for this information for their health. This should be noted that the absence of this information may represent a significant gap in medical practice and health promotion. Knowledge can help detect genetic patterns that have not yet been fully understood by science, as well as enable advances, as highlighted by Schmidt et al<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Regarding the duration of symptoms, 20% of patients had symptomatic manifestations for a few days, 60% had symptoms for a few weeks or a few months, and 20% had symptoms for several months. As noted by Holanda<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, the clinical manifestations of childhood cancer can vary depending on the type of tumor.</p>
				<p>In general, fever, paleness, pain, and weight loss are clinical manifestations of several groups of tumours. Fever is usually the most common symptom in 44.6% of patients diagnosed with leukemia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>. Furthermore, arthralgia, bleeding tendencies, asthenia, and lymphadenomegaly are also important. Therefore, there is a need for technical training of professionals to identify the possibility of cancer quickly, once an adequate history and physical examination reveal the evolution of symptoms and their relationships to diagnose the pathology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>).</sup></p>
				<p>Our research corroborates this information, since the most common initial symptoms were: fever (66%), bleeding, bruising, petechiae (35%), bone and joint pain (20%), abdominal distension (15%). These elements are consistent with the known symptoms of leukemia and highlight the importance of early diagnosis for effective treatment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. Therefore, there is a need for screening protocols in health units for recommendation to reference centers, as well as educational campaigns to raise awareness among parents and guardians about the symptoms of the disease. These actions facilitate rapid interventions and, above all, minimize the impacts of the disease. The combination of these strategies can transform the early disease support scenario in Brazil and contribute to health promotion<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Acute leukemias constitute a very heterogeneous group of diseases with different clinical, morphological, immunological, and molecular characteristics, characterized by malignant transformation and uncontrolled proliferation to the level of immature precursor cells (blasts) of the hematopoietic system. As a result, these cells accumulate in the bone marrow and peripheral blood and may migrate and invade other organs. Damage to the myeloid lineage leads to the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Conversely, when the lymphoid lineage is compromised, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) occurs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Myeloid leukemia is an aggressive tumors that occur in hematopoietic stem cells. The rate of production in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and other tissues increases, and apoptosis of primitive cells and blast cells decreases, leading to bone marrow failure<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. Its diagnosis depends on the presence of more than 20% of blasts in the blood or bone marrow. </p>
				<p>AML is divided into eight subtypes: M0 or undifferentiated acute myeloid; M1 or poorly maturing acute myeloid; M2 or maturing acute myeloid; M3 or promyelocytic acute myeloid; M4 or myelomonocytic; M5 or monocytic acute myeloid; M6 or erythroid; and M7 or megakaryoblastic acute myeloid<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. The most common AML in this research at Hospital Napoleão Laureano was AML M3 (21.05%), which agrees with other studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>There are many risk factors for developing AML, the most prominent being: environmental, such as exposure to ionizing radiation, pesticides, benzene, and herbicides; genetic, such as Fanconi anemia, Kosterman syndrome, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, Down syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Risk factors include the use of medications such as alkylating agents, chloramphenicol, topoisomerase II inhibitors, and methoxypsoralen 10. </p>
				<p>Insufficient red blood cell production can cause difficulty breathing when you are weak, tired, or exerting yourself. Severity is related to the degree and speed of onset of anemia. Insufficient white blood cell counts (leukopenia) can lead to infection<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. In our study, acute leukemia was the diagnosis (97.6% of cases), with chronic leukemia representing the remaining 2.4%. Thus, the prevalence reported in the most varied literature.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>According to a study published in the journal Experimental Hematology &amp; Oncology, the incidence of hematologic neoplasia varies according to pathological types and between different populations<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Globally, while the number of new leukemia cases diagnosed increased from 354,500 in 1990 to 518,500 in 2017, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) decreased by 0.43% per year<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. The number of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases worldwide increased from 49,100 in 1990 to 64,200 in 2017, while ASIR experienced a decrease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Another study published in the same journal showed that the burden of chronic myeloid disease (CML) decreased globally from 1990 to 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. Countries with a higher Social Development Index (SDI) achieved a notable effect in decreasing the burden of CML. However, due to population growth, the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of CML in lower SDI quintiles showed an upward trend<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>It should be noted that CML presents distinct patterns, depending mainly on age group. This disease is rare in children and adolescents, representing 2% of cases, while CML is more prevalent in the elderly<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. In the study conducted in a pediatric population from an economically disadvantaged state, the inferred incidence was consistent with the global reality, representing 2.4% in the pediatric population.</p>
				<p>The State of Paraíba has a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.698, and is classified as average within the national context; however, it reflects socioeconomic inequalities that impact access to health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. Furthermore, almost half of the population of Paraíba lives below the poverty line, which dictates the need for public policies aimed at promoting health and reducing inequalities, and providing better care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Studies have shown that the success rate is over 90% when care is initiated early, while delays in initiating care have reduced the success rate to less than 50%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. However, in the research carried out at Laureano, it was observed that among patients who died, 72% started treatment within the first 15 days after the initial consultation, suggesting that, although early management increases the chances of success, other individual and clinical factors contribute to unfavorable results.</p>
				<p>It should be noted that, in many cases, waiting to begin therapy may result in a lower rate of therapeutic success. For example, it was observed that 19.0% of patients who died began therapy management between 16 and 30 days after the first consultation, while 4.8% of deaths had a delay of more than 30 days. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate long delays, since immediate treatment increases the survival rate.</p>
				<p>The adoption of strategies that prioritize diagnosis and rapid initiation of therapy, as well as the elimination of barriers to access, improves clinical outcomes and reduces pediatric mortality rates.</p>
				<p>When we analyze the pediatric leukemia mortality rate compared to the data presented, significant disparities are observed that reflect inequalities in access to health care. While mortality in developed countries typically ranges between 5% and 10%, the observed rate of around 26.5% represents a high number<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. These differences can be attributed to factors such as limited access to diagnostics, hospital infrastructure, and socioeconomic inequalities, which are characteristic of the Northeast region of Brazil. In contrast, developed countries have technological advances, greater availability of specialists, and more efficient health policies, which guarantee better outcomes.</p>
				<p>According to the scientific literature, for acute leukemias, the average delay in support is aggravating, and it suggests that these diseases often require urgent management and, therefore, have shorter delays compared to other types of childhood cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In the specific case of CML, research shows that delaying treatment does not affect the clinical response or survival of patients<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>. However, for the same type of disease, immediate care is associated with better survival compared to non-immediate management<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. In childhood ALL, delaying the start of chemotherapy does not lead to an increase in relapse, death, or prolonged hospitalization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>For CML cases, patients who were treated earlier had a 60% chance of remission, while those who were treated one year after diagnosis had a 40% chance of remission<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>. These data reinforce the need for early diagnosis and demonstrate that with immediate support, there is a greater chance of remission. In the context of a pediatric population in an economically disadvantaged state, difficulties in adequate access may arise. Therefore, public policies, team training, and public awareness that support rapid detection are always welcome, since the time lapse can influence the outcome of the disease. Regarding management, according to scientific literature, depending on the type of leukemia, the molecular alterations found, the patient’s age at the time of diagnosis, and the presence of other comorbidities, it is generally carried out through chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, or bone marrow transplant<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>However, chemotherapy is usually the main supportive option, except for CML, for which active surveillance without chemotherapy is more common in the absence of major complications (anemia or thrombocytopenia)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>In the study, chemotherapy was the most common treatment (80% of cases), as it is the treatment of choice for ALL, followed by bone marrow transplant (15%) and immunotherapy (5%). Radiation therapy was used in less than 5% of cases<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>When disregarding patients in palliative care, the remission rate in the hospital was approximately 60%. However, according to a survey by the American Cancer Society, the 5-year overall survival rates are around 90% for ALL and 70% for AML<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>. ALL, which affects lymphoid cells, generally responds better to available therapies. On the other hand, AML has more complex genetic alterations and resistance, which hinders response and increases relapse rates. Furthermore, ALL is more common in children due to the greater capacity for cellular regeneration and fewer comorbidities. AML is more prevalent in older adults, whose health tends to be weakened, with the presence of immunological decline.</p>
				<p>A study published in the journal Scientific Programming highlighted that early detection and diagnosis, i.e., accurate differentiation of malignant leukocytes with minimal costs in the early stages of the disease, is a crucial problem in the field of disease diagnosis<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>. The study also mentioned that using machine learning to process leukemia smear images can improve accuracy, reduce diagnosis time, and provide faster, cheaper, and safer diagnostic services<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In summary, this research at Laureano Hospital provides valuable data about the demographic profile, diagnosis, treatment, and disease outcomes in patients diagnosed with leukemia. However, despite the efforts of some researchers, investment remains scarce, limiting the generation of more robust information. Structural precariousness, as well as organizational, technological, and access limitations, impact public health. </p>
				<p>Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm these findings and further explore the implications of these results. Considering that the Statute of the Person with Cancer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> (14,238/2021), as well as the law of the National Policy for Pediatric Oncology Care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> (14,308/2022), in its article 8, reinforces research actions in hospital centers, to promote the health of patients, understand the reality and allow improvements. Among the most obvious gaps is the lack of adequate infrastructure in disadvantaged regions, especially in states with low development rates, such as Paraíba, which still lacks financial, technological, and human resources to offer a better quality of service.</p>
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				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>The study, carried out at Hospital Napoleão Laureano, provides significant contributions to understanding the epidemiological profile of the child and adolescent population with leukemia in Paraíba, in addition to reinforcing the improvement of diagnostic processes and investments in a poor region. The prevalence of the disease was also observed to be higher in children in the preschool age group (2 to 6 years), with a higher incidence of ALL, data consistent with international literature. Furthermore, the predominance of the brown ethnic group reflects regional demographic characteristics, as well as pointing to possible social inequalities in access to specialized services in the public network.</p>
				<p>The research highlighted the urgency of effective strategies to train professionals and raise public awareness about the diagnosis of the pathology. Furthermore, in documented cases, a small proportion of patients began disease support within 15 days of symptoms. In this scenario, the need to eliminate long delays in care is reinforced, as it directly impacts the survival of the person being assisted. </p>
				<p>The mortality observed in the study was high, compared to the global average for developed countries. It demonstrates the need for continuous improvements in disease management. Furthermore, the scenario reflects regional inequalities in access to cancer healthcare and highlights the need for urgent interventions to ensure comprehensive and timely care for children and adolescents. Therefore, limitations, especially those related to human resources, inequalities, and infrastructure, must be considered when developing public policies aimed at health. </p>
				<p>Therefore, the information obtained indicates intersectoral approaches in tackling pediatric leukemia, through professional training, social assistance, and education that enhance early detection and adherence to clinical management. The importance of forming support networks with family members and community involvement is also highlighted in order to promote quality of life and minimize psychosocial impacts. Furthermore, it is essential to invest in the continuity of research in this field, focusing on regional peculiarities and inequalities, aiming to generate new knowledge.</p>
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