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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rbps</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. promo. sau.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1806-1230</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidade de Fortaleza</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5020/18061230.2025.14768</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO DE REVISÃO</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Intervenções em Comunicação não Violenta para a Promoção de Empatia: Revisão Integrativa</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Intervenciones en Comunicación no Violenta para la Promoción de la Empatía: Revisión Integrativa</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0753-323X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Jéssica Schuster</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>elaboração e delineamento do estudo</role>
					<role>aquisição, análise e interpretação de dados</role>
					<role>redação e revisão do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2044-6865</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Durgante</surname>
						<given-names>Helen Bedinoto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>elaboração e delineamento do estudo</role>
					<role>aquisição, análise e interpretação de dados</role>
					<role>redação e revisão do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL) - Pelotas - Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Pelotas</city>
						<state>Rio Grande do Sul</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Endereço para correspondência</label> Helen Bedinoto Durgante Curso de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Av. Duque de Caxias, 250 Bairro: Fragata CEP: 96030-001 / Pelotas (RS) - Brasil. E-mail: <email>helen.durga@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement" id="fn1">
					<label>CONFLITOS DE INTERESSE</label>
					<p> As autoras declaram não haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
					<label>Primeira autora </label>
					<p> Jéssica Schuster Pereira Curso de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Av. Duque de Caxias, 250 Bairro: Fragata CEP: 96030-001 / Pelotas (RS) - Brasil. E-mail: jessischus@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>30</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<elocation-id>e14768</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p> Investigar as práticas e efeitos de se aplicar a metodologia da Comunicação Não Violenta para a promoção da habilidade de empatia. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método:</title>
					<p> Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases PubMed, PsycInfo, LILACS, Google Scholar e SciELO de julho a setembro de 2023. Buscaram-se estudos empíricos quantitativos e qualitativos de aplicação da Comunicação Não Violenta em população adulta, disponíveis na íntegra, em inglês, português ou espanhol, publicados nos últimos 10 anos em revistas revisadas por pares. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados:</title>
					<p> 15 estudos foram selecionados envolvendo diferentes delineamentos como métodos mistos (<italic>n</italic>=5, 33.3%); quase experimentos contendo avaliação pré-pós intervenções (<italic>n</italic>=5, 33.3%); métodos mistos sem randomização (<italic>n</italic>=1, 6.6%); qualitativos (<italic>n</italic>=3, 20%) e quantitativos (<italic>n</italic>=2, 13.3%). As estratégias educativas utilizadas na aplicação foram dramatização ou <italic>role play</italic>, práticas de escuta empática, palestras, discussões e rodas de conversa. Os principais resultados obtidos nas intervenções selecionadas foram aumento em autoestima, autocompaixão, compreensão das emoções, aumento de empatia e de habilidades socioemocionais, liderança colaborativa, melhora na comunicação e diminuição de ansiedade, de irritação, de raiva e de estresse. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p> A aplicação de intervenções com base na Comunicação Não Violenta se mostra eficaz para a promoção da habilidade de empatia. Ainda que tenham sido identificadas falhas metodológicas nas intervenções avaliadas, é notável que foram produzidos efeitos positivos em saúde. </p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title><italic>RESUMEN</italic></title>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Objetivo:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Investigar las prácticas y los efectos de la aplicación de la metodología de la Comunicación No Violenta para la promoción de la habilidad de empatía.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Método:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Revisión integrativa de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos PubMed, PsycInfo, LILACS, Google Scholar y SciELO, entre julio y septiembre de 2023. Se buscaron estudios empíricos, tanto cuantitativos como cualitativos, que abordaran la aplicación de la Comunicación No Violenta en población adulta, disponibles en texto completo, en inglés, portugués o español, publicados en los últimos 10 años en revistas revisadas por pares.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Resultados:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Se seleccionaron 15 estudios con diferentes diseños metodológicos, incluyendo métodos mixtos (n=5, 33.3%); estudios cuasi-experimentales con evaluación pre y post intervención (n=5, 33.3%); métodos mixtos sin aleatorización (n=1, 6.6%); cualitativos (n=3, 20%) y cuantitativos (n=2, 13.3%). Las estrategias educativas utilizadas incluyeron dramatizaciones o juegos de roles, prácticas de escucha empática, conferencias, debates y círculos de diálogo. Los principales resultados observados en las intervenciones seleccionadas fueron aumento de la autoestima, autocompasión, comprensión emocional, incremento de la empatía y de habilidades socioemocionales, liderazgo colaborativo, mejora en la comunicación y disminución de la ansiedad, irritabilidad, ira y estrés.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Conclusión:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>La implementación de intervenciones basadas en la Comunicación No Violenta demuestra ser eficaz para promover la capacidad empática. Aunque se identificaron limitaciones metodológicas en los estudios analizados, se observaron efectos positivos relevantes en salud.</italic></p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Descritores:</title>
				<kwd>Comunicação Não Violenta</kwd>
				<kwd>Intervenção</kwd>
				<kwd>Programa</kwd>
				<kwd>Treinamento</kwd>
				<kwd>Empatia</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Descriptores:</title>
				<kwd>Comunicación No Violenta</kwd>
				<kwd>Intervención</kwd>
				<kwd>Programa</kwd>
				<kwd>Entrenamiento</kwd>
				<kwd>Empatía</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
            <funding-statement><bold>FINANCIAMENTO:</bold> Este estudo foi realizado como parte de um trabalho de conclusão de curso de uma das autoras, sob a orientação da professora de Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, que atuou como coautora. Esse contexto acadêmico reflete o compromisso com a formação científica e contribui para a literatura sobre a aplicação da Comunicação Não Violenta como uma metodologia para a promoção de saúde da população.</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="45"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>Cientificamente, empatia é um conceito polissêmico que ainda não possui um consenso científico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Diversos estudos apontam para diferentes concepções sobre o seu significado. No entanto, observa-se que alguns elementos sobre o tema são compartilhados entre os autores, podendo defini-lo como uma busca por entender, sentir e compartilhar o que o outro sente, mantendo, ainda assim, um senso de diferenciação e e separação de si mesmo na relação com os outros<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, sem perder a condição de “como se fosse”. Diferentes estudiosos também convergem na concepção de que empatia é a compreensão da experiência, da preocupação e da perspectiva de outra pessoa, como uma consciência sobre a estrutura de suas referências internas, juntamente com a habilidade de comunicar esse entendimento e observar a sua resposta sobre isso<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Nessa perspectiva, a empatia vem sendo abordada como uma habilidade passível de ser ensinada, treinada, desenvolvida e aprimorada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>, apresentando efeitos positivos na melhora da qualidade das relações interpessoais, melhor compreensão dos aspectos dinâmicos das interações sociais, sensibilização recíproca, reconhecimento do outro em sua singularidade e complexidade, resiliência ao sofrimento, melhor percepção das necessidades, redução da ansiedade e do estresse psicológico<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>, aumento da responsabilidade social<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>, aumento do respeito, ética, cooperação, cuidado e compaixão com o outro, além do desenvolvimento do autoconhecimento com pensamento crítico, reflexivo e humanizado<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Para esse fim, estudos exploram a literatura científica a respeito de intervenções para a promoção dessa multifacetada habilidade, uma vez que ela se apresenta como variável fundamental para a promoção de saúde. Contudo, mundialmente, ainda há divergências quanto à definição operacional, melhores práticas utilizadas, bem como heterogeneidade metodológica e de resultados obtidos nas intervenções para o desenvolvimento da empatia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Derivada da Psicologia Humanista e sistematizada por Marshall Rosenberg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, a Comunicação Não Violenta (CNV) é um ramo de estudos que enfatiza o conceito e a promoção de empatia a partir do reconhecimento e valorização de necessidades como bases para a integração emocional, conexão de coração nas relações e resolução de conflitos pelo uso das palavras, visando uma consciência mútua de equidade. O processo da CNV oferece uma estrutura básica que apoia o desenvolvimento de uma expressão honesta e respeitosa sobre os próprios sentimentos e do que está vivo dentro de si, evitando críticas e qualquer análise sobre as outras pessoas que impliquem na existência de algo errado com elas. Assim, ela mostra como utilizar a expressão, de modo que aumente a probabilidade de que as outras pessoas contribuam voluntariamente com o bem-estar de quem se expressa, ao mesmo tempo em que apresenta como receber as mensagens das outras pessoas, independentemente de como estão se expressando<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Necessidades, nessa perspectiva, são definidas como os recursos que a vida requer para sustentar a si mesma. O bem-estar físico, por exemplo, depende que as necessidades básicas - como ar, água, descanso, alimento, entre outras - sejam atendidas. O bem-estar psicológico e espiritual são aprimorados quando as necessidades de compreensão, apoio, honestidade, significado estão sendo satisfeitas. A partir dessa definição - independentemente de gênero, grau de instrução, crenças religiosas, ou nacionalidade -, todos os seres humanos possuem as mesmas necessidades. A estratégia utilizada para atender as necessidades, então, é o que difere de pessoa para pessoa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Marshall Rosenberg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> percebeu que muitas pessoas têm dificuldade em expressar as suas necessidades por estarem inseridas na cultura da violência, que busca resolver conflitos e expressar suas necessidades insatisfeitas por meio de críticas, insultos, além de expor o que há de errado com as outras pessoas, sem uma real conexão com as próprias necessidades. Desse modo, acredita-se que qualquer mensagem seja a expressão de uma necessidade, atendida ou não. A premissa da CNV é a de que é possível promover, através de sua metodologia, empatia, visando perceber as possíveis necessidades que estão na raiz de qualquer mensagem, construindo, assim, entendimento e conexão entre as pessoas.</p>
			<p>A relevância intencionada para esse estudo é a de atualizar e documentar o que vem sendo produzido mundialmente, em termos de pesquisa sobre o desenvolvimento da habilidade de empatia, a partir da aplicação empírica de metodologias apoiadas nos princípios da Comunicação Não Violenta de Marshall Rosenberg. A violência é um problema central de saúde pública que causa danos físicos e dificuldades psicológicas e comportamentais. Para lidar com isso, diversas pesquisas sugerem um grande papel potencial da empatia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. Assim, este artigo fomenta promover conscientização sobre a temática, além de produzir literatura sobre o atual estado da arte em termos de pesquisa no tema. Desta forma, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar as práticas e efeitos de se aplicar a metodologia da Comunicação Não Violenta para a promoção da habilidade de empatia. Ao utilizar a CNV, então, promove-se a saúde ao melhorar as condições de vida e o bem-estar de indivíduos e comunidades. Isso ocorre porque ela facilita a construção de relacionamentos mais respeitosos e compassivos, reduzindo e encaminhando conflitos e assim fortalecendo os vínculos sociais. No contexto da atenção à saúde, a CNV pode ser aplicada para melhorar a comunicação entre profissionais e pacientes, bem como dentro de equipes de trabalho, criando um ambiente mais colaborativo e humanizado. Estas práticas não apenas aprimoram os cuidados, mas também contribuem para a prevenção de doenças relacionadas ao estresse, além de fortalecer a resiliência emocional de todos os envolvidos.</p>
			<p>Este estudo, portanto, tem como objetivo investigar as práticas e os efeitos da aplicação da metodologia da CNV para a promoção da habilidade de empatia, ressaltando seu impacto como estratégia de promoção da saúde e contribuindo para avanços na literatura científica sobre o tema.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>MÉTODO</title>
			<p>Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura desenvolvida a partir da questão norteadora: o que vem sendo produzido, em termos de pesquisa empírica, a respeito da promoção da habilidade de empatia utilizando os princípios da Comunicação Não Violenta? A partir disso, foram seguidas as seguintes etapas para o desenvolvimento do estudo: definição da questão norteadora; estabelecimento das palavras-chave e critérios de inclusão e exclusão; busca na literatura; avaliação dos estudos incluídos na revisão integrativa; definição das informações a serem extraídas; análise dos dados coletados; e apresentação dos resultados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados SciELO (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), LILACS (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), PubMed (National Library of Medicine), PsycInfo (APA), e Google Scholar, mediante as palavras-chave: Comunicação Não Violenta (Nonviolent Communication; Comunicación No Violenta), intervenção (intervention; intervención), programa (program; programa), treinamento (training; entrenamiento) e desenvolvimento (development; desarrollo), empatia (empathy, empatía)<italic>.</italic> Para sistematizar as buscas, foram utilizados os operadores booleanos com as seguintes combinações em cada <italic>string</italic> e para cada idioma: <italic>Nonviolent Communication AND Empathy AND intervention OR program OR training OR development</italic> e também apenas <italic>Nonviolent Communication.</italic></p>
			<p>Os critérios de elegibilidade foram: estudos empíricos qualitativos ou quantitativos utilizando a Comunicação Não Violenta, disponíveis na íntegra, publicados em revistas com revisão por pares, em língua inglesa, portuguesa ou espanhola, produzidos no período de 2013 até o momento da seleção dos estudos (setembro de 2023). Foram excluídas revisões da literatura, teses, monografias e estudos em que a população amostral não fosse exclusivamente adulta.</p>
			<p>A busca foi realizada nos meses de julho a setembro de 2023, por duas pesquisadoras, de forma independente.</p>
			<p>Por não se tratar de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, não foram empregados fluxogramas e refinamentos apurados de busca e de qualidade metodológica dos estudos, uma vez que estes seriam exigências para revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Ao todo, foram encontrados 447 artigos nas bases de dados, sendo: PubMed (<italic>n</italic>=21), PsycInfo (<italic>n</italic>=41), Lilacs (<italic>n</italic>=21), Google Scholar (<italic>n</italic>=355) e Scielo (<italic>n</italic>=9). Desses artigos, 61 eram duplicados; pela plataforma Psycinfo, dos 41 artigos identificados, apenas dois estavam disponíveis gratuitamente; pela plataforma Pubmed, dos 21 artigos, três estavam indisponíveis gratuitamente. Sendo assim, 103 estudos foram excluídos, restando o total de 344 artigos. Os artigos foram importados para o gerenciador de referências Rayyan<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>, no qual foi realizada a análise de estudos duplicados, a leitura de títulos, resumos e classificação a partir dos critérios de inclusão.</p>
			<p>Ao todo, foram selecionados 15 artigos que cumpriram com os critérios de seleção. Dentre eles a maior parte foi publicada em língua inglesa (<italic>n</italic>=14, 93.3%) e um (6.6%) em língua portuguesa. Identificou-se concentração das publicações nos últimos três anos (<italic>n</italic>=8, 53.3%), sendo que, destas, cinco (62.5%) foram publicadas em 2022 e duas (25%) em 2021. Os estudos foram realizados, em sua maioria, nos continentes Asiático (<italic>n</italic>=7, 46.6%), Americano (<italic>n</italic>=4, 26.6%), Europeu (<italic>n</italic>=3, 20%) e Africano (<italic>n</italic>=1, 6.6%). Os delineamentos de pesquisa mais frequentemente empregados foram: cinco (33.3%) métodos mistos; quatro (26.6%) quase-experimentos, contendo avaliação pré-pós intervenções; um (6,6%) com métodos mistos sem randomização; três (20%) qualitativos e dois (13,3%) quantitativos. Ainda, cinco estudos utilizaram randomização (padrão ouro), caracterizando-se como delineamento experimental, com avaliação pré e pós-teste. Destes, um incluiu estudo de seguimento para avaliação de efeitos em longo prazo, três meses após a intervenção<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Um estudo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> descreveu duas pesquisas de delineamentos diferentes em um mesmo ambiente e intervenção, em que um deles adotou delineamento quantitativo correlacional, utilizando a metodologia para avaliar efeitos da intervenção de comparação entre as taxas de reincidência do sistema prisional do Estado dos EUA, com as taxas de reincidência da amostra de pessoas em encarceramento penitenciário participantes da intervenção.</p>
			<p>Conforme os objetivos propostos para este estudo, os métodos, bem como as estratégias educativas utilizadas e os indicadores de eficácia (instrumentos/técnicas e desfechos obtidos) das intervenções conduzidas para avaliar o desenvolvimento de empatia através da CNV estão especificados a seguir no <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Quadro I</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Quadro I</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Características dos estudos incluídos nesta revisão integrativa. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. 2023</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Título. Autores, (Ano - Período), País de Produção</th>
								<th align="justify">Objetivos</th>
								<th align="justify">Delineamento/ Descrição Amostral/ Instrumentos</th>
								<th align="justify">Estratégias Educativas Utilizadas</th>
								<th align="justify">Desfechos/ Resultados</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Evaluation of an Empathy Training Program to Prevent Emotional Maladjustment Symptoms in Social Professions. Altmann T, Schönefeld V, Roth M<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>, (2015), Alemanha.</td>
								<td align="justify">Examinar o impacto de um programa de treinamento de empatia baseado em CNV para profissões sociais.</td>
								<td align="justify">Quantitativo. Grupo controle randomizado com pré e pós-teste (após três meses). <italic>N</italic>=319 estagiários de enfermagem de pós-graduação (Feminino=82.2%) GE=147 <italic>M=</italic>22,2 anos GC=172 <italic>M=</italic>21,6 anos EKF, SEK-27, IS, MBI-D, SCL-90-R.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa grupal de quatro dias consecutivos. Dramatização, vídeo, atividade em dupla, diferenciação de frases em linguagem violenta e não violenta, paráfrase com palpite empático, discussões, escuta empática.</td>
								<td align="justify">Melhora em resiliência, autopercepção e autoaceitação emocional; diferenciação entre si e os outros; envolvimento emocional, irritação e sintomas de desajuste psicossocial; não houve diferença na percepção das emoções nos outros e de irritação cognitiva.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Freedom Project: Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison. Suarez A, Lee DY, Rowe C, Gomez AA, Murowchick E, LinnPL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>, (2014), Estados Unidos.</td>
								<td align="justify">Examinar a relação entre os efeitos do treinamento Freedom Project e as taxas de reincidência prisional, efeitos individuais do treinamento e analisar a relação entre horas de treinamento e os níveis de atenção plena e de raiva.</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo 1: Quantitativo correlacional. Estudo 2: Quantitativo de pares combinados. Estudo 1: <italic>N</italic>= 885 presidiários. <italic>M</italic>=37.2 anos (Masculino=885) Estudo 2: <italic>N</italic>=26 presidiários. <italic>M</italic>=42 anos (Masculino=26) GE=13 GC=13 SCL-90-R, MAAS, BAAQ, SCS.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa de treinamento grupal de participação flexível (voluntária e repetida); <italic>Workshops</italic> introdutórios de dois dias (uma vez por mês), aulas de CNV e <italic>mindfulness</italic> de 3h (três vezes por mês), <italic>workshops</italic> de <italic>mindfulness</italic> (duas vezes por ano).</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo 1: Menores taxas de reincidência em comparação aos que não participaram do programa. Estudo 2: Melhora na autopercepção dos níveis de raiva, autocompaixão e certas formas de atenção plena.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Comunicação Não Violenta: desenvolvimento na prática e artigo de atualização. Calabria AC, Kempfer AV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>, (2020), Brasil.</td>
								<td align="justify">Introduzir a cultura da empatia, mediação de conflitos, habilidades de conexão e promover conversas significativas.</td>
								<td align="justify">Qualitativo. Descrição amostral não especificada.</td>
								<td align="justify">Encontros grupais quinzenais (sete meses). Círculos de Construção de Paz, práticas de escuta empática em pares ou em grupo, jogo GROK.</td>
								<td align="justify">Compreensão da diversidade, mediação de conflitos e desenvolvimento de habilidades socioemocionais.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Does nonviolent communication education improve empathy in French medical students? Epinat-Duclos J, Foncelle A, Quesque F, Chabanat E, Duguet A, Van der Henst JB, Rossetti Y<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>, (2021), França.</td>
								<td align="justify">Avaliar o efeito de um treinamento de CNV para habilidades relacionadas à empatia.</td>
								<td align="justify">Método misto multivariado linear de análise pareada com pré e pós-teste. <italic>N</italic>= 312 estudantes de medicina (Feminino=216). GE=123 GC=189 <italic>M</italic>=22 anos VSPT, PK, EQ, EPE, JSPE-F.</td>
								<td align="justify">Treinamento em grupo de cinco dias (meio turno). Práticas individuais, em pares ou em grupos, paráfrase, espelhamento, escuta empática.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento do escore de empatia.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Effectiveness of nonviolent communication (NVC) workshop on marital adjustment. Islam S, Naher R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, (2017), Bangladesh.</td>
								<td align="justify">Compreender se um treinamento em CNV influencia no ajustamento conjugal.</td>
								<td align="justify">Quantitativo de medições repetidas com pré e pós testes e teste 10 dias após. <italic>N</italic>=20 pessoas casadas. GE=10 GC=10 Média de idade e sexo não especificados. LWMAT.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa de um módulo de 2h em grupo. Dramatização, exercícios diversos, <italic>feedback</italic> verbal e escrito.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento do escore de ajustamento conjugal.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Effects of Customized Communication Training on Nonviolent Communication, Nonverbal Communication, and Self-Acceptance: Evidence from Korean Nursing Students. Jung H, Lee Y, Park J<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, (2023), Coréia do Sul.</td>
								<td align="justify">Investigar os efeitos de um treinamento de CNV, Comunicação Não Verbal e autoaceitação.</td>
								<td align="justify">Quantitativo de grupo controle randomizado com pré e pós-testes. <italic>N=</italic>74 estudantes de enfermagem. GE=38 M=23.55 anos GC=36 M=21.97 anos Sexo não especificado. NVCS, NCS, R-USAQ.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa de 8 sessões (8h cada). Palestras, práticas, <italic>role play</italic>, discussão, reflexão, estudos de caso, vídeos, cartas de sentimentos, necessidades e de imagens, exercícios escritos.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento do escore de comunicação não violenta; sem diferença significativa nos escores de Comunicação Não Verbal e de autoaceitação.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Teaching nonviolent Communication to Increase empathy between people and toward wildlife to promote human-wildlife coexistence. Kansky R, Maassarani T<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, (2022), Namíbia.</td>
								<td align="justify">Avaliar a que extensão um treinamento em CNV pode promover atitudes e comportamentos empáticos para com a vida selvagem e com os promotores de cuidado com a vida selvagem.</td>
								<td align="justify">Qualitativo de análise dedutiva. <italic>N</italic>=54 membros de uma comunidade da região de Zambezi na Namíbia. <italic>M=</italic>30.5 anos Sexo não especificado.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa de treinamento em grupo de 11 semanas (meio turno). <italic>Feedback</italic> no início e ao fim de cada encontro, atividades de casa, discussões, perguntas, dramatização<italic>,</italic> escuta empática, atividades em pares.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento da empatia; da tolerância para não matar, prejudicar ou perturbar os animais; desejo de conservar e de coexistir; autonomia, empoderamento e bem-estar.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Effects of a Nonviolent Communication Program on Nursing Students. Kim HK, Jo HK<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, (2022), Coréia do Sul.</td>
								<td align="justify">Investigar o efeito de um programa de CNV para reduzir os níveis de raiva e promover habilidades de comunicação, relacionamentos interpessoais, empatia e autoestima.</td>
								<td align="justify">Quantitativo de grupo controle não equivalente com pré e pós teste. <italic>N=</italic> 117 estudantes de enfermagem. (Feminino=95) GE=62 <italic>M</italic>=24.3 anos GC=55 <italic>M</italic>=23.6 anos PATS, SATS, RCS, EQ-K, RSES-K, CES-K.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa de 8 sessões semanais grupais (2h cada). Palestras, dramatização, atividades e discussões grupais, momentos de perguntas-respostas.</td>
								<td align="justify">Melhora em empatia e eficácia comunicativa; raiva, relacionamento interpessoal e autoestima não apresentaram diferenças.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">“Power of words”: impact, concerns and applications of nonviolent communication training. Korlipara M, Shah H<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>, (2022), Índia.</td>
								<td align="justify">Avaliar um programa de treinamento de CNV e seus efeitos, limitações e aplicabilidade no contexto profissional e conhecer as perspectivas dos participantes.</td>
								<td align="justify">Qualitativo exploratório com análise temática dedutiva. <italic>N</italic>=14 profissionais diversos. <italic>M</italic>=41.7 anos (Feminino=13) Entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais (60-90min) por telefone e gravadas.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa on-line de 12 sessões semanais grupais (2h cada), de participação livre, podendo ser repetida. Pares empáticos, materiais de leitura, vídeos, exercícios de aterramento, práticas em salas simultâneas.</td>
								<td align="justify">Melhora em bem-estar, autoestima, autocompaixão, autoconsciência, relacionamentos interpessoais, consiência ecológica, ansiedade e estresse.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Improving interprofessional collaboration: The effect of training in nonviolent communication. Museux AC, Dumont S, Careau E, Milot É<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, (2016), Canadá.</td>
								<td align="justify">Examinar os efeitos de um treinamento de CNV nas habilidades de colaboração interpessoal e explorar os relatos sobre aprendizados.</td>
								<td align="justify">Método misto com pré e pós-testes e grupo focal com análise de conteúdo. <italic>N</italic>= 9 profissionais da família e juventude de um centro de saúde e serviços sociais. (Feminino=9) Média de idade não especificada. TOSCE, OIPC.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa em grupo de módulo único de 7h. Exercícios experienciais, dramatização<italic>,</italic> discussões.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento do esclarecimento de papéis, cuidado centrado no cliente/família e liderança colaborativa; escores de comunicação diminuíram.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Nonviolent Communication (NVC) training increases empathy in baccalaureate nursing students: A mixed method study. Nosek M, Gifford E, Kober B<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, (2014), Estados Unidos.</td>
								<td align="justify">Testar uma intervenção de aprimoramento de habilidades de comunicação (CNV) e examinar o seu efeito nos níveis de empatia. </td>
								<td align="justify">Método misto de grupo único quase-experimental com pré e pós- testes; análise interpretativa de relatórios de experiência e grupos focais logo após e dois anos após a intervenção. <italic>N</italic>= 74 estudantes de enfermagem. M=19 anos Feminino=67 IRI.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa de treinamento de CNV, em grupo de duas sessões de 1h45, quinzenal. Dramatização<italic>,</italic> grupos focais, discussões, apresentações, relatórios de experiência.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento de empatia consigo e com os outros.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Effects of a Nonviolent Communication-Based Empathy Education Program for Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental Pilot study. Sung J, Kweon Y<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>, (2022), Coréia do Sul.</td>
								<td align="justify">Investigar os efeitos de um programa educativo de empatia baseado em CNV para melhora de relações interpessoais, autoestima, habilidades empáticas e comunicativas.</td>
								<td align="justify">Quantitativo piloto quase-experimental. N=62 estudantes de enfermagem. GE=32 GC=30 M=21 anos (Feminino=55) RSES-K, IRI-K, ES-K, GICC-15.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa de 6 sessões grupais (120min cada). Apresentações, vídeos, atividades individuais, grupais e de casa, cartas de emoções, diário de reflexões e dramatização.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento da autoestima, habilidade empática, relações interpessoais e competências comunicativas.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Preventing empathic distress and social stressors at work through nonviolent communication training: A field study with health professionals. Wacker R, Dziobek I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, (2018), Alemanha.</td>
								<td align="justify">Avaliar um treinamento de CNV.</td>
								<td align="justify">Método misto com pré e pós-testes (três meses) e análise das interações. <italic>N</italic>=56 colaboradores de uma organização pública de saúde. (Feminino=87%) GE=29 <italic>M</italic>=49.2 anos GC=27 <italic>M</italic>=47.3 anos Escala de CNV desenvolvida pelos pesquisadores, ISSS, IRI-D.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa de três dias (7h/dia) em grupo. Apresentações, técnicas de autoexploração, dramatização, discussões, comunicação não verbal.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento de habilidades de comunicação e de verbalização de emoções; diminuição do estresse empático.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Effects of a nonviolent communication-based training program for inpatient alcoholics in South Korea. Yang J, Kim S<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>, (2021), Coréia do Sul.</td>
								<td align="justify">Avaliar um programa de CNV para usuários alcoolistas internados.</td>
								<td align="justify">Método misto quase experimental com pré e pós testes. <italic>N</italic>=47 usuários alcoolistas internados. (Feminino=5) GE=24 <italic>M</italic>=49.4 anos GC=23 <italic>M=</italic>51.8 anos Entrevistas qualitativas não estruturadas gravadas com análise de conteúdo após 2 semanas de alta hospitalar; GICC-15, EQ-Short-K, STAXI-K; ASI-K.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa em grupo de 8 sessões (60-90 min), 2 vezes por semana. Dramatização<italic>,</italic> discussões, apresentações, escuta empática.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento de empatia, expressão de raiva, comunicação e autoeficácia para abstinência de álcool.</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">An online communication skills training program for nursing students: A quasi-experimental study. Yang J, Kim S<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, (2022), Coréia do Sul.</td>
								<td align="justify">Desenvolver e avaliar um programa on-line baseado em CNV para graduandos de enfermagem.</td>
								<td align="justify">Quantitativo quase-experimental com pré e pós-testes. <italic>N=</italic>55 estudantes de enfermagem. (Feminino=44) GE=28, <italic>M=</italic>24.6 anos GC=27 <italic>M=</italic>24.3 anos EQ-Short-K, NGSE, STAXI-K, GICC-15.</td>
								<td align="justify">Programa on-line de oito sessões gravadas (30min), duas vezes por semana. Apresentações<italic>,</italic> atividades de casa, dramatização, depoimentos.</td>
								<td align="justify">Aumento de empatia, comunicação e autoeficácia; pouca diferença nos níveis de raiva.</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Nota: SCL-90-R = The Symptom Checklist Revised; EKF = Emotional Competence Questionnaire; SEK-27 = Self-Report Measure of Emotional Competencies; MBI-D = Maslach Burnout Inventory - Deutsch; VSPT = Visuoespatial Perspective Taking; PK = Privileged Knowledge; JSPE-F = French version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy; EQ-K = Korean Adapted Version of the Empathy Quotient; LWMAT = Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test; CES-K = Korean Version of Communication Efficacy Scale; RCS = Relationship Change Scale; SATS = Secondary Anger Thought Scale; PATS = Primary Anger Thought Scale; RSES-K = Korean Adapted Version of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale; TOSCE = Team Observed Structured Clinical Encounter; OIPC = Observed Interprofessional Collaboration; IRI = Interpersonal Reactivity Index; MAAS = Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale; SCS = Self-Compassion Scale; BAAQ = Brief Anger and Aggression Questionnaire; RSES-K = Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale-Korean; IRI-D = Interpersonal Reactivity Index-Deutsch; DCS = Discussion Coding System; GICC-15 = The global interpersonal communication competency scale; EQ-Short-K = Korean-adapted version of the Empathy Quotient-Short Form; STAXI-K = The Korean State-trait anger expression inventory; ASI = Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale; NGSE = The New General Self-Efficacy Scale; IS = Irritation Scale; EPE = Empathy for Pain Evaluation; IRI-K = Korean version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index; ES-K = Korean version of the empathy scale; ISSS = Intensity of Social Stressors Scale; NCCS = Nonviolent Communication Scale; Nonverbal Communication Scale; R-USAQ = Revised Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>Com relação às práticas e aos métodos adotados nas intervenções, foram elencados tópicos para apresentar estes resultados referentes às estratégias educativas mais utilizadas, o formato de aplicação on-line ou presencial, a área de aplicação dos estudos, as características da população amostral, os instrumentos empregados para a mensuração dos resultados, as características dos facilitadores, as limitações percebidas nos estudos.</p>
			<sec>
				<title>Estratégias educativas mais utilizadas</title>
				<p>A dramatização ou <italic>role play</italic> (jogo de papéis) apresentou-se, em primeiro lugar, dentre as estratégias educativas mais utilizadas (n=10) nas intervenções. A dramatização promove inclusão, diversidade e conscientização social, através do aprendizado corporificado e contextualizado, inter-relacionando cognição e emoção no processo educativo. Criam-se metáforas de nossas vidas, através da arte e da criatividade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, possibilitando diálogos entre diferentes pontos de vista, promovendo experiências de interconexão, aumentando as perspectivas e trazendo motivação para agir de maneiras diferentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. Ainda, a dramatização permite a reflexão crítica e a participação ativa, possibilitando um significativo aumento na autoconfiança individual e autoexpressão quando utilizado na educação, já que requer que os participantes utilizem a própria imaginação e participem no jogo de papéis, sendo uma abordagem centrada no aprendiz<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>A discussão em grupo foi a segunda estratégia de aplicação da CNV mais citada nos estudos. Como método de aprendizagem, as discussões, os diálogos e as rodas de conversa proporcionam momentos de partilha que presumem um exercício de escuta e de fala, em que os momentos de escuta ativa são mais numerosos, junto dos diálogos internos e do silêncio observador e reflexivo. Nas rodas de conversa, relacionamentos são construídos, nutridos e reforçados enquanto lugares em que se busca a pluralidade de perspectivas, diminuindo a invisibilização e o privilégio de um ponto de vista sobre outro<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>A prática de escuta empática apareceu em terceiro lugar como estratégia educativa mais empregada nos estudos. No modelo de escuta empática oferecido pela CNV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>, busca-se ouvir atentamente às observações do outro, de maneira compassiva, com ausência de julgamentos e conselhos; assim, conforme a pessoa expressa suas questões, quem escuta procura auxiliar a identificar seus sentimentos e necessidades, podendo-se oferecer um <italic>feedback</italic> do que foi compreendido. Nesse processo, acontece a legitimação e a validação dos sentimentos a partir do reconhecimento das necessidades subjacentes, trazendo empoderamento, conexão consigo e com o outro, além de compreensão sobre si, ampliando as possibilidades para encaminhamentos e ressignificação das situações vividas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>. A realização de práticas de escuta empática em grupos promove a construção de uma noção de comunidade - de comum - ao perceber-se que todos os seres humanos compartilham das mesmas necessidades de maneiras e em momentos diferentes. Ainda, oferece-se a oportunidade para que todos possam falar, ouvir e serem ouvidos em um processo de escuta ativa com a disposição de abrir-se à vulnerabilidade e ao compartilhamento de suas histórias pessoais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>As apresentações e palestras expositivas também foram bastante utilizadas nos estudos que explicitaram os métodos de intervenção. A exposição didática é um procedimento em que o facilitador utiliza diversos recursos para apresentar aos aprendizes um novo tema, definindo-o, analisando-o e explicando-o de forma logicamente estruturada<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>. Estas metodologias de aprendizagem clássicas se mostram ferramentas essenciais para a disseminação de conhecimento, pois permitem estruturar e transmitir informações de forma clara e compreensível. Além disso, elas potencializam o aprendizado ao integrarem diversos recursos que favorecem a assimilação de novos conceitos pelos aprendizes. No entanto, cabe refletir sobre a importância de ir além da mera exposição, buscando agregar estratégias que estimulem a interação, a reflexão crítica e a aplicação prática do conteúdo apresentado. Assim, podem não apenas informar, mas também transformar, promovendo mudanças significativas no contexto em que são aplicadas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Formato de Aplicação On-line ou Presencial</title>
				<p>Quanto ao formato de aplicação/implementação, dois estudos aconteceram no formato on-line, um devido à pandemia de Coronavírus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> e outro com o objetivo de possibilitar a participação daqueles que trabalhavam em organizações não governamentais (ONGs) em localidades rurais da Índia, além de facilitar a presença de participantes de diversas localidades do mundo como Emirados Árabes Unidos, Omã, Bahrein, Holanda, Estados Unidos, Nigéria, Indonésia e Sri Lanka<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. As vantagens da aplicação on-line incluem aprendizagem remota, flexibilidade de horários em atividades assíncronas, o encorajamento do aprendizado centrado no aluno, redução de gastos com transporte, conforto e acessibilidade. Já as limitações da modalidade on-line envolvem problemas técnicos, impossibilidade do ensino/aprendizagem de atividades práticas, acesso apenas ao componente teórico do conhecimento, dificuldade de <italic>feedback</italic> imediato entre professor-estudante-colegas durante aulas on-line, assim como capacidade de atenção limitada para esta modalidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>A modalidade de aplicação on-line demonstrou ser um recurso valioso para expandir o alcance de programas e pesquisas, possibilitando a conexão de pessoas de diversas localidades e contextos. Contudo, refletir sobre as suas vantagens e limitações é essencial para otimizar o seu uso. É necessário buscar maneiras de superar as barreiras identificadas, como a dificuldade de <italic>
 <italic>feedback</italic>
</italic> imediato e as limitações na aprendizagem prática, como através de tecnologias/programas interativos utilizados juntamente dos encontros síncronos/assíncronos e também complementos presenciais. Assim, a implementação de estratégias híbridas pode oferecer o melhor de ambos os formatos, garantindo tanto a acessibilidade quanto uma experiência de aprendizado mais completa e eficaz. Buscando-se este equilíbrio, pode-se maximizar os impactos positivos e minimizar os desafios impostos pela educação remota.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Área dos estudos</title>
				<p>A área mais estudada empiricamente para o desenvolvimento de empatia através da CNV foi a enfermagem, com seis estudos (40%) envolvendo estudantes e profissionais. O grande número de estudos quantitativos, qualitativos e teóricos sobre empatia na área da enfermagem utilizados neste trabalho pode ser correspondido à grande necessidade de respostas empáticas requeridas pela prática destes profissionais, já que usuários em condições severas, muitas vezes, dependem quase exclusivamente dos profissionais da enfermagem para interagir, além da grande pressão emocional envolvida pelas demandas do ambiente de trabalho<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Ainda, no contexto hospitalar, em que enfermeiras trabalham em rotação de turnos, a comunicação efetiva entre as profissionais é essencial para a continuidade do cuidado do usuário<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. Na perspectiva dos usuários, a empatia vinda das enfermeiras é critério importante para determinar a satisfação com o serviço. Assim, estas competências podem ser definidas como a habilidade de acuradamente ler as emoções do usuário e responder de maneira apropriada, bem como identificar e comunicar as próprias necessidades, enquanto busca-se atender às necessidades do usuário<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. Quando enfermeiros possuem baixa empatia, não conseguem reconhecer seus próprios pensamentos e sentimentos apuradamente, e isso pode causar problemas no relacionamento entre enfermeiras e seus colegas, e entre enfermeiros e usuários, levando a altos níveis de estresse relacionado ao trabalho e de <italic>burnout</italic>, além de altas taxas de desistência e de rotatividade dos profissionais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. Segundo o estudo de Kim e Jo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, profissionais da enfermagem passam por substancial dificuldade com relação à comunicação interprofissional, afetando o cuidado com os usuários e os esforços em colaborar entre os diferentes profissionais. Na Coréia do Sul, em 2019, aproximadamente 45.5% das enfermeiras recém-graduadas desistiram dos seus empregos dentro de um ano de trabalho, tendo baixas proporções destes profissionais em atividade, mesmo possuindo alta porcentagem de enfermeiros recém-graduados.</p>
				<p>Além disso, de acordo com Nosek et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, a comunicação ineficaz entre membros de equipes de saúde está associada à diminuição de esforços colaborativos e a desfechos adversos para os usuários. Em uma pesquisa com profissionais de enfermagem, 60% relataram abuso verbal, 25% relataram abuso físico, e 23% relataram assédio sexual ou hostilidade no ambiente de trabalho. Os conflitos, que são experiências humana inevitáveis, podem prejudicar a comunicação e comprometer a colaboração. Assim, os autores ressaltam que habilidades eficientes para negociação e mediação de conflitos precisam ser desenvolvidas em colaboradores de equipe de saúde, já que o manejo próprio e oportuno dos conflitos pode prevenir consequências danosas.</p>
				<p>Em contextos de cuidado em saúde, lidar com o adoecimento e sofrimento representa uma demanda psicológica central no trabalho dos colaboradores, já que estressores do trabalho como a pressão emocional e as demandas daqueles que requerem cuidados se mostram como maiores preditores de problemas de saúde mental. Em termos de trabalho emocional, demonstrar compaixão e evitar expressar sentimentos negativos com relação ao público atendido são expectativas essenciais com relação ao papel exercido pelo profissional em cuidado de saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Destarte, no presente estudo, dois estudos (13.3%) foram realizados com colaboradores da área da saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, visando a colaboração e a cooperação para a superação de conflitos, estresse e exaustão profissional - principais causas de erros e atrasos nos serviços de saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. Semelhantemente, um dos estudos incluídos foi aplicado em estudantes de Medicina<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>, em que os autores relatam que habilidades empáticas são esperadas para a profissão, mas que investigações empíricas desafiam essa expectativa, apontando para uma tendência a escores menores de empatia ao longo dos anos de formação em medicina.</p>
				<p>A ênfase no desenvolvimento da empatia, especialmente em profissões que promovem saúde, destaca o papel essencial que essa habilidade desempenha, tanto na qualidade do cuidado quanto no bem-estar dos profissionais. No entanto, os desafios enfrentados, como comunicação ineficaz e altos níveis de estresse, apontam para a necessidade urgente de intervenções voltadas para fortalecer a empatia e a colaboração nas equipes de saúde. Desse modo, o desenvolvimento de competências emocionais não deve ser visto apenas como desejável, mas como uma prioridade para melhorar as relações no ambiente de trabalho e os desfechos para os usuários. Construir um espaço no qual o cuidado empático seja valorizado e promovido não só beneficia os pacientes, mas também contribui para a criação de um ambiente de saúde mais humano e sustentável.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Características da População Amostral</title>
				<p>Dois estudos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> foram direcionados a profissionais de públicos diversos, focalizando na comunicação e empatia para relacionamentos profissionais, com vista à promoção de um ambiente organizacional mais humanizado, que cria cultura de suporte e colaboração, fomentando a autonomia, liberdade, aprendizado, crescimento e vitalidade, levando a melhores resultados organizacionais. A pesquisa de Suarez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> foi realizada na área prisional, em que dados apontam que quase dois terços dos prisioneiros libertados são presos novamente por um novo crime no prazo de três anos após a sua libertação e metade são mandados de volta para o regime prisional. Os autores relatam que mudanças psicológicas são ainda mais importantes do que eventos-chave para interromper ou diminuir a taxa de criminalidade. Intervenções voltadas a lidar com atitudes antissociais, decisões ruins, resolução de problemas, autorregulação, relação com criminosos e abuso de substâncias podem reduzir a reincidência em mais de 20 pontos percentuais, em comparação com programas que ignoram estas necessidades. A comunicação é um elemento importante do comportamento pró-social e o uso de agressão verbal é relacionado como um catalisador para a violência física, crimes graves, e agressão física em presídios<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>O estudo de Islam e Naher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> se debruçou sobre a satisfação conjugal em casais, em que os autores versam que qualquer tentativa de melhorar os relacionamentos precisa começar pela comunicação entre as partes, já que casais que estejam experimentando dificuldades falham em suas tentativas de se comunicar ou suas tentativas se mostram insatisfatórias, muitas vezes levando a discussões. Os autores constatam que o indicador mais importante para a satisfação conjugal reside na capacidade de discutir problemas de modo eficiente.</p>
				<p>Para além de estudos relacionados apenas a seres humanos, Kansky e Maassarani<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> realizaram sua pesquisa na área de conservação da vida silvestre e na coexistência interespécie. Áreas naturais de uso comum fora de áreas protegidas são importantes para o futuro de muitos grandes mamíferos, especialmente carnívoros e herbívoros migratórios, que necessitam de grandes áreas para garantir a sua sobrevivência. Para além disso, a promoção de empatia pode contribuir enormemente para os desenlaces entre a relação da presença humana e da vida selvagem nestes territórios.</p>
				<p>Ainda, os resultados demonstraram baixa procura e adesão do público masculino. A dificuldade de busca por serviços de saúde e adesão aos tratamentos por parte dos homens não é algo novo na literatura científica<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>. Neste estudo, esta constatação aparece também em termos das duas únicas intervenções via CNV para promoção da empatia em que o público masculino é maior: situações de encarceramento prisional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e de internação para tratamento de dependência química<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. Isso deflagra a necessidade de práticas de divulgação e recrutamento de participantes do sexo masculino para participação não apenas em estudos de promoção de saúde, mas também na busca por autocuidado. De acordo com a revisão integrativa sobre o tema, homens sentem medo e vergonha de suas vulnerabilidades e do adoecimento, além de perceberem uma imposição de papéis patriarcais pela sociedade, considerando o autocuidado como um atributo feminino, ocorrendo, assim, uma tendência à priorização do trabalho mesmo que em detrimento da saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Além deste aspecto com relação ao sexo/gênero, os resultados de dois estudos ainda apontaram para maiores escores de empatia de participantes do sexo feminino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. De acordo com o estudo de Löffler &amp; Greitemeyer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> sobre o tema, os resultados com relação aos escores de empatia de cada sexo/gênero podem ser influenciados pelo contexto, estereotipização e por uma tendência feminina a se autoavaliar com repostas mais empáticas quando isso é esperado. Por outro lado, enquanto o atributo da empatia é medido de formas mais objetivas pelos pesquisadores, como através do reconhecimento de emoções nas outras pessoas, os resultados não apontam para diferenças de gênero, havendo assim uma superestimação deste estereótipo na literatura. Assim, os autores apontam para uma limitação sobre resultados de mensuração de empatia em questionários de autorrelato.</p>
				<p>Com a análise das características da população amostral, percebe-se a complexidade e a amplitude da empatia como objeto de estudo, sendo aplicável a contextos diversos, desde relacionamentos profissionais até a relação da humanidade com a conservação da vida silvestre. Contudo, os desafios relacionados a fatores, como a adesão masculina nas intervenções e estereótipos de gênero nos escores de empatia, ressaltam a importância de estratégias que promovam uma inclusão mais ampla e resultados mais objetivos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Instrumentos mais utilizados para mensuração dos resultados</title>
				<p>Os instrumentos mais utilizados para mensurar os resultados foram o <italic>Empathy Quotient</italic> (<italic>n</italic>=3, 20%), <italic>Symptom Checklist-90-Revised</italic> (<italic>n</italic>=2, 13.3%), <italic>Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale</italic> (<italic>n</italic>=2, 13.3%), <italic>State</italic>-<italic>trait Anger Expression Inventory</italic> (<italic>n</italic>=2, 13.3%), <italic>Interpersonal Reactivity Index</italic> (<italic>n</italic>=2, 13.3%) e <italic>The Global Interpersonal Communication Competency Scale</italic> (<italic>n=</italic>2, 13.3%). Dos instrumentos identificados nesta revisão, alguns estão validados ou possuem estudos de adaptação/validação para uso no Brasil: <italic>SCL-90-R</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><italic>, MBI</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><italic>, JSPE</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><italic>, SCS</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><italic>, STAXI</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><italic>, RSES</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><italic>, IRI</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> e <italic>EQ</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>).</sup></p>
				<p>Com relação aos resultados obtidos, os estudos demonstraram aumento principalmente em empatia, comunicação e habilidades interpessoais. Alguns pontos merecem destaque quanto a efeitos indesejados ou dificultadores identificados a partir dos estudos. No estudo de Museux et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, o indicador de resultado para comunicação diminuiu no pós-teste. Os autores informaram que as participantes relataram ter algumas dúvidas sobre suas habilidades comunicativas após a sessão de treinamento. Além disso, indicam que esse resultado negativo pode ter se dado devido a “efeitos de teto” (<italic>ceiling effects</italic>), já que os escores iniciais foram altos, com a maioria das participantes obtendo um escore de três ou mais, em uma escala de um a cinco. Ainda, os autores dizem que o aprendizado de CNV age em um nível profundo e precisa de tempo para se consolidar antes que seus efeitos possam ser totalmente mensurados. Em outro estudo incluído, Korlipara e Shah<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> corroboram esta informação dizendo que as transformações geradas pela CNV demandam tempo para se tornarem habituais e isso pode gerar frustrações nos estágios iniciais de aprendizado e de prática. As três maiores dificuldades citadas na aplicação da CNV em diferentes contextos, segundo os participantes deste último estudo, foram: os condicionamentos culturais profundamente enraizados - em que a expressão de sentimentos ou emoções é considerada não profissional ou inapropriada -, a falta de vocabulário de sentimentos e necessidades, e a dificuldade de se expressar “em CNV”. Possivelmente devido a isso, a CNV se mostrou mais fácil de aplicar em contextos de relacionamentos pessoais do que em contextos profissionais. Além disso, os participantes atribuíram os seus aprendizados em CNV principalmente à prática coletiva continuada e disseram que, sem isso, teriam regredido às suas respostas habituais. Isso se mostra alinhado com os achados de pesquisa dos mesmos autores que evidenciam que práticas como boletins informativos, sites e grupos on-line podem ajudar a sustentar o <italic>momentum</italic> e internalizar o aprendizado individual e coletivo. Com repetidas práticas, um novo comportamento se torna habitual e é mantido sem a necessidade de autorregulação consciente<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>. Outro fator de extrema relevância destacado pelos participantes do último estudo citado é o papel do facilitador das intervenções, visto que se demonstra crucial para a criação de espaços seguros, essenciais para o compartilhamento aberto e a prática efetiva. O <italic>Center for Nonviolent Communication (CNVC)</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref>, fundado por Marshall Rosenberg, oferece um processo de certificação de treinadores que dura cerca de três a cinco anos e tem como objetivo promover a integridade da CNV como um corpo de conhecimento, cultivando uma comunidade de treinadores certificados pelo <italic>CNVC</italic> que compartilhem da experiência de ter passado por este processo de certificação. Ademais, o <italic>CNVC</italic> encoraja que pessoas que não possuam a certificação também compartilhem os seus aprendizados com a CNV, porém, pedem que se faça menção ao <italic>CNVC</italic> e aos treinadores certificados e que não se utilize os termos da marca registrada.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Características dos Facilitadores</title>
				<p>Nem todos os estudos forneceram relatos sobre os facilitadores, porém, os que fizeram relataram treinadores qualificados (<italic>expert trainers</italic>)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>, treinador certificado pelo <italic>Center for Nonviolent Communication</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>, pesquisadores certificados, com registro em enfermagem e professores universitários na área de psiquiatria que passaram por formação acadêmica em CNV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, instrutor certificado pelo CNVC com 15 anos de experiência<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, dois treinadores de CNV profissionais com níveis de experiência similar que desenvolveram o currículo para ser trabalhado a cada sessão<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, dois pesquisadores que também eram os facilitadores<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>, facilitador professor(a) de enfermagem do programa com 15 anos de experiência em prática de enfermagem clínica e experiência de treinamento de vários grupos em CNV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, e um treinador de CNV experiente que também desenvolveu o programa e foi contratado como um consultante externo pela organização<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Limitações</title>
				<p>Com relação às limitações dos estudos, foram constatados aspectos como: baixa adesão dos participantes em alguns estudos; predomínio do sexo feminino nas intervenções; falta de detalhes em alguns estudos sobre como aconteceram as intervenções (componentes, estrutura, formato, periodicidade, entre outros elementos da intervenção); escassez de informações em alguns estudos sobre o perfil amostral, não informando média e variação de idade, e até mesmo não informando o número de participantes; falta de detalhamento suficiente em diversos estudos quanto ao método de seleção/critérios de inclusão e exclusão dos participantes e de como as intervenções foram conduzidas, de modo que outros autores possam replicar as intervenções em diferentes contextos (incluindo o perfil desejado do moderador de grupo); pouco detalhamento sobre o perfil dos moderadores das intervenções; apenas um estudo com delineamento experimental e avaliação em longo prazo.</p>
				<p>É importante ressaltar que houve apenas um estudo conduzido no Brasil que cumpriu com os critérios de inclusão desta revisão, porém, com questionável qualidade metodológica, ausência de dados detalhados quanto ao perfil amostral e resultados obtidos, conforme objetivos do estudo. Assim, tanto a qualidade metodológica quanto a replicabilidade das intervenções seguem questionáveis de acordo com recomendações e boas práticas para relatos de intervenções<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>.</p>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSÃO</title>
			<p>Conclui-se que a aplicação do método da Comunicação Não Violenta pode ser eficaz para o desenvolvimento de habilidades interpessoais, principalmente para empatia e comunicação. Apesar das limitações identificadas nas intervenções avaliadas, todas produziram algum efeito positivo em saúde. Além de eficaz, não há necessidade de grandes investimentos com relação à estrutura e aos recursos para sua aplicação, sendo considerado um modelo de intervenção de tecnologia leve, podendo ser realizada em diversos espaços e contextos da saúde pública. Intervenções em CNV possibilitam também custo razoável-baixo, oferecendo ao aprendiz a possibilidade do treino de habilidades e de competências por meio da criação de cenários das mais diversas complexidades através de técnicas como <italic>role play</italic>/dramatização, discussões em grupo ou rodas de conversa, e de exercícios diversos, necessitando apenas de facilitadores qualificados e experientes em facilitação de grupos e de pessoas dispostas a aprender e praticar.</p>
			<p>O número de pesquisas encontradas neste estudo demonstra que a CNV é uma ferramenta do processo de ensino-aprendizagem emocional e interrelacional que pode ser amplamente utilizada na formação e no aprimoramento de profissionais da área da saúde, professores, alunos, crianças, e população em geral. Nesse processo, nas mais diversas áreas, os ganhos obtidos são variados, entre os quais se destacam a satisfação, autoconfiança, empatia, realismo, diminuição do nível de ansiedade, conforto, comunicação, motivação, capacidade de reflexão e de pensamento crítico, bem como trabalho em equipe. As evidências demonstram a ampla possibilidade do uso da CNV e que alguns resultados obtidos podem ser instantâneos, assim como outros precisam de tempo para se desenvolverem em longo prazo, tornando-se parte integrante do repertório de habilidades para resolução de conflitos, trazendo ganhos como conexão, e relacionamentos significativos, para além da empatia. No entanto, este estudo apresenta limitações, uma vez que se trata de uma revisão integrativa, método intermediário entre revisão narrativa e sistemática, o que inviabiliza inferências quanto ao nível de recomendação das intervenções para produzir efeitos em saúde. Também não incluiu avaliadores externos para a verificação e triagem dos estudos, protocolo para a avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos, além de não incluir a literatura cinza, o que pode ser considerado um fator limitante.</p>
			<p>Mesmo assim, embora não seja uma revisão sistemática, é possível detectar importantes aspectos e características das intervenções em CNV para o desenvolvimento de empatia e elementos importantes sobre a qualidade metodológica dos estudos investigados para o aperfeiçoamento de práticas interventivas em contexto nacional. Este estudo acrescenta à literatura científica um panorama sobre estudos/pesquisas realizadas com a CNV mundialmente, e sintetiza informações quanto às intervenções, métodos/técnicas, instrumentos e desfechos obtidos. Espera-se poder contribuir para pesquisas futuras e nortear práticas profissionais com base na CNV em diversos contextos, além de incentivar iniciativas que tenham a intenção de promover empatia.</p>
			<p>A ausência de estudos robustos sobre a aplicação da Comunicação Não Violenta (CNV) no Brasil, ou a exclusão de estudos encontrados por conta da baixa qualidade metodológica, levanta questões importantes. Isso pode refletir tanto a falta de incentivo para pesquisas nessa área quanto a necessidade de maior rigor metodológico nas investigações realizadas. A escassez de estudos nacionais também evidencia uma lacuna de conhecimento local, que é essencial para compreender como as práticas de CNV podem se adaptar à cultura, às necessidades e aos desafios específicos da realidade brasileira. </p>
			<p>Se os estudos fossem realizados no Brasil, os resultados poderiam apresentar diferentes nuances, influenciados pelo contexto cultural, pelas dinâmicas de relacionamento interpessoal e pelos desafios estruturais do sistema de saúde e educação no país. Por exemplo, a diversidade social, econômica e cultural do Brasil, combinada com as características únicas do ambiente de trabalho e das relações sociais, poderia influenciar os efeitos das intervenções em CNV. Além disso, questões como desigualdade de acesso à saúde e à educação, além de especificidades linguísticas e sociais, podem desempenhar um papel significativo nos resultados das intervenções. </p>
			<p>Ao considerar a promoção da saúde, a CNV desponta como uma ferramenta com grande potencial para melhorar a comunicação e os relacionamentos, o que, por sua vez, tem impacto direto no bem-estar emocional e social. Sua aplicação em estratégias de saúde pública no Brasil poderia promover ambientes mais empáticos e colaborativos, tanto entre profissionais quanto com os usuários dos serviços de saúde. Assim, fortalecer pesquisas e iniciativas nacionais envolvendo a CNV não apenas enriquece a literatura científica, mas também contribui para a construção de uma sociedade mais saudável e conectada. Esse movimento de valorização da empatia e da comunicação como pilares de saúde pode trazer benefícios significativos e duradouros para comunidades em todo o país.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>REFERÊNCIAS</title>
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				<label>1</label>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
				<label>FINANCIAMENTO</label>
				<p> Este estudo foi realizado como parte de um trabalho de conclusão de curso de uma das autoras, sob a orientação da professora de Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, que atuou como coautora. Esse contexto acadêmico reflete o compromisso com a formação científica e contribui para a literatura sobre a aplicação da Comunicação Não Violenta como uma metodologia para a promoção de saúde da população.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5020/18061230.2025.14768</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Interventions in Nonviolent Communication to Promote Empathy: Integrative Review</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-0753-323X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Pereira</surname>
						<given-names>Jéssica Schuster</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>preparation and design of the study</role>
					<role>acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data</role>
					<role>writing, and review of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2044-6865</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Durgante</surname>
						<given-names>Helen Bedinoto</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>preparation and design of the study</role>
					<role>acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data</role>
					<role>writing, and review of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Pelotas (Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPEL)) - Pelotas - Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Pelotas</city>
						<state>Rio Grande do Sul</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn4">
					<label>CONFLICTS OF INTEREST</label>
					<p> The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
					<label>First Author</label>
					<p> Jéssica Schuster Pereira Curso de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel) Av. Duque de Caxias, 250 Bairro: Fragata CEP: 96030-001 / Pelotas (RS) - Brazil. E-mail: jessischus@gmail.com</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> To investigate the practices and effects of applying the Nonviolent Communication (NVC) methodology to promote the skill of empathy. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method: </title>
					<p>An integrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed, PsycInfo, LILACS, Google Scholar, and SciELO databases from July to September 2023. Empirical quantitative and qualitative studies on the application of Nonviolent Communication in adult populations were sought, available in full text, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, and published in the last 10 years in peer-reviewed journals. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>Fifteen studies were selected, involving different designs such as mixed methods (n=5, 33.3%); quasi-experiments with pre- and post-intervention evaluations (n=5, 33.3%); mixed methods without randomization (n=1, 6.6%); qualitative studies (n=3, 20%); and quantitative studies (n=2, 13.3%). Educational strategies used in the interventions included role-playing, empathic listening practices, lectures, discussions, and dialogue circles. The main outcomes observed in the selected interventions were increased self-esteem, self-compassion, emotional awareness, increased empathy and socio-emotional skills; collaborative leadership, improved communication; and reduced anxiety, irritability, anger, and stress. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion:</title>
					<p> Interventions based on Nonviolent Communication have proven effective in promoting empathy skills. Although methodological flaws were identified in the evaluated interventions, positive health effects were clearly observed.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Descriptors:</title>
				<kwd>Nonviolent Communication</kwd>
				<kwd>Intervention</kwd>
				<kwd>Program</kwd>
				<kwd>Training</kwd>
				<kwd>Empathy</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
            <funding-statement><bold>FUNDING SOURCES:</bold> This study was conducted as part of an undergraduate thesis by one of the authors, under the supervision of a Psychology professor at the Federal University of Pelotas, who also acted as a co-author. This academic context reflects a commitment to scientific training and contributes to the literature on the application of Nonviolent Communication as a methodology for promoting public health.</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Scientifically, empathy is a polysemic concept that still lacks a clear consensus in the academic field <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>. Various studies point to different understandings of its meaning. However, several core elements of the concept are shared among authors, allowing it to be defined as the attempt to understand, feel, and share what another person is experiencing, while still maintaining a sense of differentiation and separation of the self-concerning others <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, without losing the “as if” condition. Different scholars also converge on the idea that empathy involves understanding another person’s experience, concerns, and perspective, as a form of awareness of their internal frame of reference, along with the ability to communicate this understanding and observe their response to it <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>From this perspective, empathy has been approached as a skill that can be taught, trained, developed, and improved <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>, showing positive effects in improving the quality of interpersonal relationships, greater understanding of the dynamics of social interactions, mutual sensitization, recognition of the other in their uniqueness and complexity, resilience in the face of suffering, better perception of needs, reduction in anxiety and psychological stress<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>, increased social responsibility<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>, and foster respect, ethics, cooperation, care, and compassion for others. It also contributes to the development of self-knowledge through critical, reflective, and humanized thinking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>To this end, studies explore the scientific literature on interventions to promote this multifaceted skill since it is presented as a fundamental variable for health promotion. However, worldwide, there are still divergences regarding the operational definition, best practices used, as well as methodological heterogeneity and results obtained in interventions for the development of empathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Derived from Humanistic Psychology and systematized by Marshall Rosenberg <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, Nonviolent Communication (NVC) is a branch of studies that emphasizes the concept and promotion of empathy based on the recognition and appreciation of needs as the basis for emotional integration, heart connection in relationships and conflict resolution through the use of words, aiming at a mutual awareness of equity. The NVC process provides a basic framework that supports the development of honest and respectful expression of one’s feelings and what is alive within oneself, avoiding criticism and any analysis of other people that implies that there is something wrong with them. In doing so, it shows how to use expression in a way that increases the likelihood that others will voluntarily contribute to the well-being of the one expressing themselves, while at the same time showing how to receive other people’s messages, regardless of how they are expressing themselves<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Needs, from this perspective, are defined as the resources that life requires to sustain itself. Physical well-being, for example, depends on the basic needs, such as air, water, rest, food, among others, being met. Psychological and spiritual well-being are enhanced when the needs for understanding, support, honesty, and meaning are met. From this definition, regardless of gender, level of education, religious beliefs, or nationality, all human beings have the same needs. The strategy used to meet the needs, then, is what differs from person to person<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Marshall Rosenberg<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> realized that many people have difficulty expressing their needs because they are part of a culture of violence, which seeks to resolve conflicts and express their unmet needs through criticism, insults, and exposing what is wrong with other people, without a real connection to their own needs. In this way, it is believed that any message is the expression of a need, whether it is met or not. The premise of NVC is that it is possible to promote empathy through its methodology, aiming to perceive the possible needs that are at the root of any message, thus building understanding and connection between people.</p>
				<p>The intended relevance of this study is to update and document what has been produced worldwide in terms of research on the development of empathy skills, based on the empirical application of methodologies supported by Marshall Rosenberg’s Nonviolent Communication principles. Violence is a central public health problem that causes physical harm and psychological and behavioral difficulties. To deal with this, several studies suggest a major potential role for empathy<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. Thus, this article promotes awareness on the topic, besides producing literature on the current state of the art in terms of research issues. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the practices and effects of applying the Nonviolent Communication methodology to promote the ability of empathy. By using NVC, health is promoted by improving the living conditions and well-being of individuals and communities. This is because it facilitates the construction of more respectful and compassionate relationships, reducing and addressing conflicts, and thus strengthening social bonds. In the context of healthcare, NVC can be applied to improve communication between professionals and patients, as well as within work teams, creating a more collaborative and humanized environment. These practices not only improve care but also contribute to the prevention of stress-related illnesses, in addition to strengthening the emotional resilience of everyone involved.</p>
				<p>This study, therefore, aims to investigate the practices and effects of applying the NVC methodology to promote empathy skills, highlighting its impact as a health promotion strategy and contributing to advances in the scientific literature on the subject.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHOD</title>
				<p>This is an integrative literature review developed based on the guiding question: What has been produced, in terms of empirical research, regarding the promotion of empathy skills using the principles of Nonviolent Communication? From this, the following steps were followed to develop the study: definition of the guiding question; establishment of keywords and inclusion and exclusion criteria; literature search; evaluation of the studies included in the integrative review; definition of the information to be extracted; analysis of the collected data; and presentation of the results <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The searches were performed in the databases SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), PubMed (National Library of Medicine), PsycInfo (APA), and Google Scholar, using the keywords: Nonviolent Communication (Comunicação Não Violenta; Comunicación No Violenta), intervention (intervenção; intervención), program (programa; programa), training (treinamento; entrenamiento), and development (desenvolvimento; desarrollo), empathy (empatia, empatía). To systematize the searches, Boolean operators were used with the following combinations in each string and for each language: Nonviolent Communication AND Empathy AND intervention OR program OR training OR development, and also only Nonviolent Communication<italic>.</italic></p>
				<p>The eligibility criteria were: qualitative or quantitative empirical studies using Nonviolent Communication, available in full, published in peer-reviewed journals, in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, produced between 2013 and the time of study selection (September 2023). Literature reviews, theses, monographs, and studies in which the sample population was not exclusively adults were excluded.</p>
				<p>The search was carried out from July to September 2023 by two researchers, independently.</p>
				<p>As this is not a systematic literature review, flowcharts and detailed refinements of the search and methodological quality of the studies were not used, as these would be requirements for systematic reviews and meta-analyses.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>In total, 447 articles were found in the databases: PubMed (n=21), PsycInfo (n=41), Lilacs (n=21), Google Scholar (n=355), and Scielo (n=9). Of these articles, 61 were duplicates; through the Psycinfo platform, of the 41 articles identified, only two were freely available; through the PubMed platform, of the 21 articles, three were unavailable for free. Therefore, 103 studies were excluded, leaving a total of 344 articles. The articles were imported into the Rayyan reference manager<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>, in which the analysis of duplicate studies, reading of titles, abstracts, and classification based on the inclusion criteria was performed.</p>
				<p>In total, 15 articles that met the selection criteria were selected. Most of them were published in English (n=14, 93.3%) and one (6.6%) in Portuguese. A concentration of publications was identified in the last three years (n=8, 53.3%), of which five (62.5%) were published in 2022 and two (25%) in 2021. The studies were mostly carried out in the Asian (n=7, 46.6%), American (n=4, 26.6%), European (n=3, 20%), and African (n=1, 6.6%) continents. The most frequently used research designs were: five (33.3%) mixed methods; four (26.6%) quasi-experiments, containing pre-post intervention evaluation; one (6.6%) with mixed methods without randomization; three (20%) qualitative, and two (13.3%) quantitative. Furthermore, five studies used randomization (gold standard), characterized as an experimental design, with pre- and post-test evaluation. Of these, one included a follow-up study to assess long-term effects, three months after the intervention<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. One study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> described two research studies with different designs in the same environment and intervention, in which one of them adopted a quantitative correlational design, using the methodology to assess the effects of the intervention by comparing the recidivism rates of the US state prison system with the recidivism rates of the sample of people in prison participating in the intervention.</p>
				<p>According to the objectives proposed for this study, the methods, as well as the educational strategies used and the effectiveness indicators (instruments/techniques and outcomes obtained) of the interventions conducted to evaluate the development of empathy through NVC are specified below in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table I</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table I</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Characteristics of the studies included in this integrative review. Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 2023</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
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							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Title. Authors, (Year - Period), Country of Production</th>
									<th align="center">Objectives</th>
									<th align="center">Design/Sample Description/Instruments</th>
									<th align="center">Educational Strategies Used</th>
									<th align="center">Outcomes/Results</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Evaluation of an Empathy Training Program to Prevent Emotional Maladjustment Symptoms in Social Professions. Altmann T, Schönefeld V, Roth M<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>, (2015), Alemanha.</td>
									<td align="justify">To examine the impact of an NVC-based empathy training program for social professions.</td>
									<td align="justify">Quantitative. Randomized control group with pre- and post-test (after three months). N=319 postgraduate nursing interns (Female=82.2%) GE=147 M=22.2 years CG=172 M=21.6 years EKF, SEK-27, IS, MBI-D, SCL-90-R.</td>
									<td align="justify">Four consecutive days of group activities. Dramatization, video, pair activities, differentiation of sentences in violent and non-violent language, paraphrasing with empathetic input, discussions, empathetic listening.</td>
									<td align="justify">Improvement in resilience, self-perception, and emotional self-acceptance; differentiation between self and others; emotional involvement, irritation, and symptoms of psychosocial maladjustment; there was no difference in the perception of emotions in others and cognitive irritation.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Freedom Project: Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison. Suarez A, Lee DY, Rowe C, Gomez AA, Murowchick E, LinnPL<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>, (2014), Estados Unidos.</td>
									<td align="justify">To examine the relationship between the effects of Freedom Project training and prison recidivism rates, individual effects of training, and to analyze the relationship between hours of training and levels of mindfulness and anger.</td>
									<td align="justify">Study 1: Correlational quantitative. Study 2: Matched pairs quantitative. Study 1: N= 885 inmates. M=37.2 years (Male=885) Study 2: N=26 inmates. M=42 years (Male=26) EG=13 CG=13 SCL-90-R, MAAS, BAAQ, SCS.</td>
									<td align="justify">Flexible participation group training program (voluntary and repeated); Two-day introductory workshops (once a month), 3-hour NVC and mindfulness classes (three times a month), mindfulness workshops (twice a year).</td>
									<td align="justify">Study 1: Lower recidivism rates compared to those who did not participate in the program. Study 2: Improved self-perceptions of anger, self-compassion, and certain forms of mindfulness.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Comunicaçao Não Violenta: desenvolvimento na prática e artigo de atualização. Calabria AC, Kempfer AV<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref>, (2020), Brasil.</td>
									<td align="justify">Introduce the culture of empathy, conflict mediation, connection skills, and promote meaningful conversations.</td>
									<td align="justify">Qualitative. Sample description not specified.</td>
									<td align="justify">Biweekly group meetings (seven months). Peacebuilding Circles, empathic listening practices in pairs or groups, GROK game.</td>
									<td align="justify">Understanding diversity, conflict mediation, and the development of socio-emotional skills.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Does nonviolent communication education improve empathy in French medical students? Epinat-Duclos J, Foncelle A, Quesque F, Chabanat E, Duguet A, Van der Henst JB, Rossetti Y<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>, (2021), França.</td>
									<td align="justify">To evaluate the effect of NVC training on empathy-related skills.</td>
									<td align="justify">Linear multivariate mixed method of paired analysis with pre- and post-test. N= 312 medical students (Female=216). GE=123 GC=189 M=22 years VSPT, PK, EQ, EPE, JSPE-F.</td>
									<td align="justify">Five-day group training (half-day). Individual, pair, or group practices, paraphrasing, mirroring, and empathic listening.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increased empathy score.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Effectiveness of nonviolent communication (NVC) workshop on marital adjustment. Islam S, Naher R<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, (2017), Bangladesh.</td>
									<td align="justify">Understand whether NVC training influences marital adjustment.</td>
									<td align="justify">Quantitative repeated measurements with pre and post tests and a test 10 days later. N=20 married people. GE=10 GC=10 Mean age and sex not specified. LWMAT.</td>
									<td align="justify">Program of a 2-hour group module. Dramatization, various exercises, verbal and written feedback.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increase in marital adjustment score.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Effects of Customized Communication Training on Nonviolent Communication, Nonverbal Communication, and Self-Acceptance: Evidence from Korean Nursing Students. Jung H, Lee Y, Park J<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>, (2023), Coréia do Sul.</td>
									<td align="justify">Investigate the effects of training in NVC, Nonverbal Communication, and self-acceptance.</td>
									<td align="justify">Quantitative randomized control group with pre- and post-tests. N=74 nursing students. GE=38 M=23.55 years old CG=36 M=21.97 years old Sex not specified. NVCS, NCS, R-USAQ.</td>
									<td align="justify">Program of 8 sessions (8 hours each). Lectures, practices, role play, discussion, reflection, case studies, videos, letters of feelings, needs, images, and written exercises.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increase in non-violent communication score; no significant difference in Non-Verbal Communication and self-acceptance scores.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Teaching nonviolent Communication to increase empathy between people and toward wildlife to promote human-wildlife coexistence. Kansky R, Maassarani T<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, (2022), Namíbia.</td>
									<td align="justify">To assess the extent to which NVC training can promote empathetic attitudes and behaviors toward wildlife and wildlife care providers.</td>
									<td align="justify">Qualitative deductive analysis. N=54 members of a community in the Zambezi region of Namibia. M=30.5 years old, gender not specified.</td>
									<td align="justify">11-week group training program (half-day). Feedback at the beginning and end of each meeting, homework, discussions, questions, role-playing, empathetic listening, and pair activities.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increased empathy; tolerance for not killing, harming, or disturbing animals; desire to conserve and coexist; autonomy, empowerment, and well-being.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Effects of a Nonviolent Communication Program on Nursing Students. Kim HK, Jo HK<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, (2022), Coréia do Sul.</td>
									<td align="justify">To investigate the effect of an NVC program to reduce anger levels and promote communication skills, interpersonal relationships, empathy, and self-esteem.</td>
									<td align="justify">Non-equivalent control group with pre- and post-test. N = 117 nursing students. (Female=95) GE=62 M=24.3 years CG=55 M=23.6 years PATS, SATS, RCS, EQ-K, RSES-K, CES-K.</td>
									<td align="justify">Program of 8 weekly group sessions (2 hours each). Lectures, dramatization, group activities, discussions, question-and-answer sessions.</td>
									<td align="justify">Improvement in empathy and communicative effectiveness; anger, interpersonal relationships, and self-esteem did not show differences.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">“Power of words”: impact, concerns, and applications of nonviolent communication training. Korlipara M, Shah H<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>, (2022), Índia.</td>
									<td align="justify">To evaluate a NVC training program and its effects, limitations, and applicability in the professional context, and to understand the perspectives of the participants.</td>
									<td align="justify">Exploratory qualitative with deductive thematic analysis. N=14 diverse professionals. M=41.7 years (Female=13) Individual semi-structured interviews (60-90 min) by telephone and recorded.</td>
									<td align="justify">Online program of 12 weekly group sessions (2 hours each), with free participation and the possibility of repetition. Empathetic peers, reading materials, videos, grounding exercises, and practices in simultaneous rooms.</td>
									<td align="justify">Improvement in well-being, self-esteem, self-compassion, self-awareness, interpersonal relationships, ecological awareness, anxiety, and stress.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Improving interprofessional collaboration: The effect of training in nonviolent communication. Museux AC, Dumont S, Careau E, Milot É<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, (2016), Canadá.</td>
									<td align="justify">To examine the effects of NVC training on interpersonal collaboration skills and to explore learning experiences.</td>
									<td align="justify">Mixed method with pre- and post-tests and a focus group with content analysis. N=9 family and youth professionals from a health and social services center. (Female=9) Average age not specified. TOSCE, OIPC.</td>
									<td align="justify">Single module 7h group program. Experiential exercises, dramatization, discussions. </td>
									<td align="justify">Increased role clarification, client/family-centered care, and collaborative leadership; communication scores decreased.</td>
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									<td align="justify">Nonviolent Communication (NVC) training increases empathy in baccalaureate nursing students: A mixed method study. Nosek M, Gifford E, Kober B<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, (2014), Estados Unidos.</td>
									<td align="justify">To test a communication skills enhancement (NVC) intervention and examine its effect on empathy levels. </td>
									<td align="justify">Quasi-experimental single-group mixed method with pre- and post-tests; interpretative analysis of experience reports and focus groups immediately after and two years after the intervention. N 74 nursing students. M=19 years old Female=67 IRI.</td>
									<td align="justify">NVC training program, in a group of two 1h45 sessions, biweekly. Role-playing, focus groups, discussions, presentations, and experience reports.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increased empathy with yourself and others.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Effects of a Nonviolent Communication-Based Empathy Education Program for Nursing Students: A Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study. Sung J, Kweon Y<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>, (2022), Coréia do Sul.</td>
									<td align="justify">To investigate the effects of an empathy educational program based on NVC to improve interpersonal relationships, self-esteem, empathic and communication skills.</td>
									<td align="justify">Quantitative pilot quasi-experimental. N=62 nursing students. GE=32 GC=30 M=21 years (Female=55) RSES-K, IRI-K, ES-K, GICC-15.</td>
									<td align="justify">Program of 6 group sessions (120 minutes each). Presentations, videos, individual, group, and homework activities, emotion cards, reflection journal, and dramatization.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increased self-esteem, empathic ability, interpersonal relationships, and communication skills.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Preventing empathic distress and social stressors at work through nonviolent communication training: A field study with health professionals. Wacker R, Dziobek I<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, (2018), Alemanha.</td>
									<td align="justify">Evaluate a NVC training.</td>
									<td align="justify">Mixed method with pre- and post-tests (three months) and analysis of interactions. N=56 employees of a public health organization. (Female=87%) GE=29 M=49.2 years GC=27 M=47.3 years NVC scale developed by the researchers, ISSS, IRI-D.</td>
									<td align="justify">Three-day (7h/day) group program. Presentations, self-exploration techniques, dramatization, discussions, and non-verbal communication.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increased communication skills and verbalization of emotions; decreased empathic stress.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Effects of a nonviolent communication-based training program for inpatient alcoholics in South Korea. Yang J, Kim S<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>, (2021), Coréia do Sul.</td>
									<td align="justify">To evaluate a NVC program for hospitalized alcoholic users.</td>
									<td align="justify">Quasi-experimental mixed method with pre- and post-tests. N=47 hospitalized alcoholic users. (Female=5) EG=24 M=49.4 years CG=23 M=51.8 years Unstructured qualitative interviews recorded with content analysis after 2 weeks of hospital discharge; GICC-15, EQ-Short-K, STAXI-K; ASI-K.</td>
									<td align="justify">Group program of 8 sessions (60-90 min), twice a week. Dramatization, discussions, presentations, and empathetic listening.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increased empathy, anger expression, communication, and self-efficacy for alcohol abstinence.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">An online communication skills training program for Nursing students: A quasi-experimental study. Yang J, Kim S<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, (2022), Coréia do Sul.</td>
									<td align="justify">To develop and evaluate an online program based on NVC for nursing undergraduates.</td>
									<td align="justify">Quantitative quasi-experimental with pre- and post-tests. N=55 nursing students. (Female=44) GE=28, M=24.6 years GC=27 M=24.3 years EQ-Short-K, NGSE STAXI-K, GICC-15.</td>
									<td align="justify">An online program of eight recorded sessions (30 minutes), twice a week. Presentations, homework, role-playing, and testimonials.</td>
									<td align="justify">Increased empathy, communication, and self-efficacy; little difference in anger levels.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>Note: SCL-90-R = The Symptom Checklist Revised; EKF = Emotional Competence Questionnaire; SEK-27 = Self-Report Measure of Emotional Competencies; MBI-D = Maslach Burnout Inventory - Deutsch; VSPT = Visuospatial Perspective Taking; PK = Privileged Knowledge; JSPE-F = French version of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy; EQ-K = Korean Adapted Version of the Empathy Quotient; LWMAT = Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test; CES-K = Korean Version of Communication Efficacy Scale; RCS = Relationship Change Scale; SATS = Secondary Anger Thought Scale; PATS = Primary Anger Thought Scale; RSES-K = Korean Adapted Version of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale; TOSCE = Team Observed Structured Clinical Encounter; OIPC = Observed Interprofessional Collaboration; IRI = Interpersonal Reactivity Index; MAAS = Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale; SCS = Self-Compassion Scale; BAAQ = Brief Anger and Aggression Questionnaire; RSES-K = Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale-Korean; IRI-D = Interpersonal Reactivity Index-Deutsch; DCS = Discussion Coding System; GICC-15 = The global interpersonal communication competence scale; EQ-Short-K = Korean-adapted version of the Empathy Quotient-Short Form; STAXI-K = The Korean State-trait anger expression inventory; ASI = Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale; NGSE = The New General Self-Efficacy Scale; IS = Irritation Scale; EPE = Empathy for Pain Evaluation; IRI-K = Korean version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index; ES-K = Korean version of the empathy scale; ISSS = Intensity of Social Stressors Scale; NCCS = Nonviolent Communication Scale; Nonverbal Communication Scale; R-USAQ = Revised Unconditional Self-Acceptance Questionnaire</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>Regarding the practices and methods adopted in the interventions, topics were listed to present these results regarding the most used educational strategies, the online or in-person application format, the area of ​​application of the studies, the characteristics of the sample population, the instruments used to measure the results, the characteristics of the facilitators, the limitations perceived in the studies.</p>
				<sec>
					<title>Most used educational strategies</title>
					<p>Dramatization or role play was the most used educational strategy (n=10) in interventions. Dramatization promotes inclusion, diversity, and social awareness through embodied and contextualized learning, interrelating cognition and emotion in the educational process. Metaphors of our lives are created through art and creativity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>, enabling dialogues between different points of view, promoting experiences of interconnection, increasing perspectives, and bringing motivation to act in different ways<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref>. Furthermore, dramatization allows for critical reflection and active participation, enabling a significant increase in individual self-confidence and self-expression when used in education, as it requires participants to use their imagination and participate in role-playing, being a learner-centered approach.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>.</p>
					<p>Group discussion was the second most cited strategy for applying NVC in studies. As a learning method, discussions, dialogues, and conversation circles provide moments of sharing that involve an exercise in listening and speaking, in which moments of active listening are more numerous, along with internal dialogues and observant and reflective silence. In conversation circles, relationships are built, nurtured, and reinforced as places where a plurality of perspectives is sought, reducing the invisibility and privileging of one point of view over another<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>.</p>
					<p>The practice of empathic listening appeared in third place as the most widely used educational strategy in studies. In the empathic listening model offered by NVC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>, the aim is to listen attentively to the observations of the other, in a compassionate manner, without judgments or advice; thus, as the person expresses their questions, the listener seeks to help identify their feelings and needs, and can offer feedback on what was understood. In this process, feelings are legitimized and validated based on the recognition of underlying needs, bringing empowerment, connection with oneself and with others, as well as understanding of oneself, expanding the possibilities for referrals and redefinition of situations experienced<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>. Carrying out empathetic listening practices in groups promotes the construction of a notion of community - of commonality - by realizing that all human beings share the same needs in different ways and at different times. Furthermore, it offers the opportunity for everyone to speak, listen, and be heard in a process of active listening with the willingness to open themselves up to vulnerability and share their personal stories.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>.</p>
					<p>Presentations and expository lectures were also widely used in studies that explained intervention methods. Didactic exposition is a procedure in which the facilitator uses various resources to present a new topic to learners, defining it, analyzing it, and explaining it in a logically structured way<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref><sup>).</sup> These classic learning methodologies are essential tools for disseminating knowledge, as they allow information to be structured and transmitted clearly and understandably. In addition, they enhance learning by integrating various resources that favor the assimilation of new concepts by learners. However, it is important to reflect on the importance of going beyond mere exposition, seeking to incorporate strategies that stimulate interaction, critical reflection, and the practical application of the content presented. In this way, they can not only inform but also transform, promoting significant changes in the context in which they are applied.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Online or face-to-face Application Format</title>
					<p>Regarding the application/implementation format, two studies took place online, one due to the Coronavirus pandemic<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref> and the other to enable the participation of those who worked in non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in rural areas of India, in addition to facilitating the presence of participants from different locations around the world such as the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Bahrain, the Netherlands, the United States, Nigeria, Indonesia and Sri Lanka<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. The advantages of online learning include remote learning, flexible schedules for asynchronous activities, encouragement of student-centered learning, reduced transportation costs, comfort, and accessibility. The limitations of the online modality involve technical problems, impossibility of teaching/learning practical activities, access only to the theoretical component of knowledge, difficulty in immediate feedback between teacher-student-peers during online classes, as well as limited attention span for this modality<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>.</p>
					<p>The online application modality has proven to be a valuable resource for expanding the reach of programs and research, enabling the connection of people from different locations and contexts. However, reflecting on its advantages and limitations is essential to optimize its use. It is necessary to seek ways to overcome the identified barriers, such as the difficulty of immediate feedback and limitations in practical learning, such as through interactive technologies/programs used together with synchronous/asynchronous meetings, and also face-to-face complements. Thus, implementing hybrid strategies can offer the best of both formats, ensuring both accessibility and a more complete and effective learning experience. By seeking this balance, positive impacts can be maximized and the challenges imposed by remote education minimized.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Study area</title>
					<p>The most empirically studied area for the development of empathy through NVC was nursing, with six studies (40%) involving students and professionals. The large number of quantitative, qualitative and theoretical studies on empathy in the area of ​​nursing used in this work can be matched by the great need for empathic responses required by the practice of these professionals, since users in severe conditions often depend almost exclusively on nursing professionals to interact, in addition to the great emotional pressure involved by the demands of the work environment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Furthermore, in the hospital context, where nurses work in shift rotation, effective communication between professionals is essential for the continuity of user care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>. From the perspective of users, empathy from nurses is an important criterion for determining satisfaction with the service. Thus, these competencies can be defined as the ability to accurately read the user’s emotions and respond appropriately, as well as to identify and communicate one’s own needs, while seeking to meet the user’s needs<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. When nurses have low empathy, they are unable to accurately recognize their thoughts and feelings, and this can cause problems in the relationship between nurses and their colleagues, and between nurses and users, leading to high levels of work-related stress and burnout, as well as high rates of attrition and turnover of professionals <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. According to the study by Kim and Jo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, nursing professionals experience substantial difficulty concerning interprofessional communication, affecting care for users and efforts to collaborate between different professionals. In South Korea in 2019, approximately 45.5% of newly graduated nurses quit their jobs within a year of employment, with low proportions of these professionals still working, despite a high percentage of newly graduated nurses.</p>
					<p>Furthermore, according to Nosek et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, ineffective communication between members of healthcare teams is associated with decreased collaborative efforts and adverse outcomes for users. In a survey of nursing professionals, 60% reported verbal abuse, 25% reported physical abuse, and 23% reported sexual harassment or hostility in the workplace. Conflict, which is an inevitable human experience, can undermine communication and compromise collaboration. Thus, the authors emphasize that efficient skills for negotiation and conflict mediation need to be developed in healthcare team members, since proper and timely conflict management can prevent harmful consequences.</p>
					<p>In healthcare contexts, dealing with illness and suffering represents a central psychological demand on employees’ work, since work stressors such as emotional pressure and the demands of those requiring care are shown to be the greatest predictors of mental health problems. In terms of emotional labor, demonstrating compassion and avoiding expressing negative feelings toward the public served are essential expectations regarding the role played by the health care professional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. Thus, in the present study, two studies (13.3%) were conducted with health care employees<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>, aiming at collaboration and cooperation to overcome conflicts, stress, and professional exhaustion - the main causes of errors and delays in health services<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. Similarly, one of the included studies was applied to Medical students <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>, in which the authors report that empathic skills are expected for the profession, but that empirical investigations challenge this expectation, pointing to a tendency towards lower empathy scores throughout the years of medical training.</p>
					<p>The emphasis on developing empathy, especially in health-promoting professions, highlights the essential role this skill plays in both the quality of care and the well-being of professionals. However, the challenges faced, such as ineffective communication and high levels of stress, point to the urgent need for interventions aimed at strengthening empathy and collaboration in healthcare teams. Thus, emotional skills development should not only be seen as desirable but as a priority to improve relationships in the workplace and outcomes for users. Building a place in which empathetic care is valued and promoted not only benefits patients but also contributes to creating a more humane and sustainable healthcare environment.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Characteristics of the Sample Population</title>
					<p>Two studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> were aimed at professionals from different audiences, focusing on communication and empathy for professional relationships, to promote a more humanized organizational environment, which creates a culture of support and collaboration, fostering autonomy, freedom, learning, growth, and vitality, leading to better organizational results. The research by Suarez et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> was carried out in the prison sector, where data indicate that almost two-thirds of released prisoners are arrested again for a new crime within three years of their release, and half are sent back to prison. The authors report that psychological changes are even more important than key events in stopping or decreasing crime rates. Interventions that address antisocial behavior, poor decision-making, problem-solving, self-regulation, relationships with criminals, and substance abuse can reduce recidivism by more than 20 percentage points, compared with programs that ignore these needs. Communication is an important element of prosocial behavior, and the use of verbal aggression has been implicated as a catalyst for physical violence, serious crime, and physical assault in prisons<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>.</p>
					<p>The study by Islam and Naher<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> focused on marital satisfaction in couples, in which the authors argue that any attempt to improve relationships must begin with communication between the parties, since couples who are experiencing difficulties fail in their attempts to communicate or their attempts prove unsatisfactory, often leading to arguments. The authors found that the most important indicator of marital satisfaction lies in the ability to discuss problems effectively.</p>
					<p>In addition to studies related only to human beings, Kansky and Maassarani<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> carried out their research in the area of ​​wildlife conservation and interspecies coexistence. Natural areas of common use outside protected areas are important for the future of many large mammals, especially migratory carnivores and herbivores, which require large areas to ensure their survival. Furthermore, promoting empathy can contribute greatly to the outcomes of the relationship between human presence and wildlife in these territories.</p>
					<p>Furthermore, the results demonstrated low demand and adherence among men. The difficulty in seeking health services and adhering to treatments by men is not something new in the scientific literature<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>. In this study, this finding also appears in terms of the only two interventions via NVC to promote empathy in which the male audience is larger: situations of prison incarceration<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and hospitalization for treatment of chemical dependency<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>. This triggers the need for outreach and recruitment practices for male participants to participate not only in health promotion studies, but also in the pursuit of self-care. According to the integrative review on the subject, men feel fear and shame about their vulnerabilities and illness, in addition to perceiving an imposition of patriarchal roles by society, considering self-care as a feminine attribute, thus creating a tendency to prioritize work even to the detriment of health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>.</p>
					<p>In addition to this aspect regarding sex/gender, the results of two studies also pointed to higher empathy scores among female participants<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>. According to the study by Löffler &amp; Greitemeyer<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44"><sup>44</sup></xref> on the subject, the results regarding the empathy scores of each sex/gender can be influenced by the context, stereotyping, and by a female tendency to self-evaluate with more empathetic responses when this is expected. On the other hand, while the attribute of empathy is measured in more objective ways by researchers, such as through the recognition of emotions in other people, the results do not point to gender differences, thus overestimating this stereotype in the literature. Therefore, the authors point to a limitation on the results of empathy measurement in self-report questionnaires.</p>
					<p>By analyzing the characteristics of the sample population, we can see the complexity and extent of empathy as an object of study, applying to diverse contexts, from professional relationships to humanity’s relationship with wildlife conservation. However, challenges related to factors such as male adherence to interventions and gender stereotypes in empathy scores highlight the importance of strategies that promote broader inclusion and more objective results.</p>
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				<sec>
					<title>Most commonly used instruments for measuring results</title>
					<p>The most commonly used instruments to measure the results were the Empathy Quotient (n=3, 20%), Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (n=2, 13.3%), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (n=2, 13.3%), State-trait Anger Expression Inventory (n=2, 13.3%), Interpersonal Reactivity Index (n=2, 13.3%) and The Global Interpersonal Communication Competency Scale (n=2, 13.3%). Of the instruments identified in this review, some are validated or have adaptation/validation studies for use in Brazil.: <italic>SCL-90-R</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref><italic>, MBI</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref><italic>, JSPE</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref><italic>, SCS</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><italic>, STAXI</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref><italic>, RSES</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref><italic>, IRI</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> e <italic>EQ</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref><sup>).</sup></p>
					<p>Regarding the results obtained, the studies demonstrated an increase mainly in empathy, communication, and interpersonal skills. Some points deserve to be highlighted regarding undesirable effects or difficulties identified from the studies. In the study by Museux et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, the result indicator for communication decreased in the post-test. The authors reported that participants reported having some doubts about their communication skills after the training session. Furthermore, they indicate that this negative result may have been due to “ceiling effects,” since the initial scores were high, with most participants obtaining a score of three or higher on a scale of one to five. Furthermore, the authors say that NVC learning acts at a deep level and needs time to consolidate before its effects can be fully measured. In another included study, Korlipara and Shah<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> corroborate this information by saying that the transformations generated by NVC take time to become habitual and can generate frustrations in the initial stages of learning and practice. The three biggest difficulties cited in applying NVC in different contexts, according to the participants of this latest study, were: deeply rooted cultural conditioning - in which the expression of feelings or emotions is considered unprofessional or inappropriate -, the lack of vocabulary of feelings and needs, and the difficulty of expressing oneself “in NVC”. Possibly because of this, NVC proved easier to apply in personal relationship contexts than in professional contexts. Furthermore, participants attributed their learning in NVC mainly to continued collective practice and said that, without it, they would have regressed to their habitual responses. This is in line with research findings from the same authors, which show that practices such as newsletters, websites, and online groups can help sustain momentum and internalize individual and collective learning. With repeated practices, a new behavior becomes habitual and is maintained without the need for conscious self-regulation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>. Another extremely relevant factor highlighted by participants in the last cited study is the role of the intervention facilitator, as it is crucial for the creation of safe spaces, essential for open sharing and effective practice. The Center for Nonviolent Communication (CNVC)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref>, founded by Marshall Rosenberg, offers a three- to five-year certification process for coaches that aims to promote the integrity of NVC as a body of knowledge by cultivating a community of CNVC-certified coaches who share the experience of having gone through this certification process. Furthermore, CNVC encourages people who do not have the certification to also share their learnings with CNV, however, they ask that CNVC and certified trainers be mentioned and that the terms of the registered trademark not be used.</p>
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				<sec>
					<title>Facilitator Characteristics</title>
					<p>Not all studies reported on facilitators, but those that did reported qualified trainers (expert trainers)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>, a trainer certified by the Center for Nonviolent Communication<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>, certified researchers, registered in nursing and university professors in the field of psychiatry who have undergone academic training in NVC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, NVC-certified instructor with 15 years of experience<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>, two professional NVC trainers with similar levels of experience who have developed the curriculum to be worked on in each session<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref>, two researchers who were also the facilitators(<sup>22</sup>), a nursing professor facilitator of the program with 15 years of experience in clinical nursing practice and experience training various groups in NVC<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, and an experienced NVC trainer who also developed the program and was hired as an external consultant by the organization<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
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				<sec>
					<title>Limitations</title>
					<p>Regarding the limitations of the studies, aspects such as: low adherence of participants in some studies; predominance of females in the interventions were observed; lack of details in some studies about how the interventions took place (components, structure, format, periodicity, among other elements of the intervention); lack of information in some studies about the sample profile, not reporting average and range of ages, and even not reporting the number of participants; lack of sufficient detail in several studies regarding the selection method/inclusion and exclusion criteria of participants and how the interventions were conducted, so that other authors can replicate the interventions in different contexts (including the desired profile of the group moderator); little detail on the profile of the intervention moderators; only one study with an experimental design and long-term evaluation.</p>
					<p>It is important to highlight that there was only one study conducted in Brazil that met the inclusion criteria for this review; however, with questionable methodological quality, lack of detailed data regarding the sample profile and results obtained, according to the objectives of the study. Thus, both the methodological quality and the replicability of the interventions remain questionable according to recommendations and good practices for reporting interventions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43"><sup>43</sup></xref>.</p>
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			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSION</title>
				<p>It is concluded that the application of the Nonviolent Communication method can be effective for the development of interpersonal skills, especially for empathy and communication. Despite the limitations identified in the evaluated interventions, all produced some positive effect on health. In addition to being effective, there is no need for large investments in terms of structure and resources for its application, and it is considered a light technology intervention model that can be carried out in different public health spaces and contexts. NVC interventions also allow for a reasonable-low cost, offering the learner the possibility of training skills and competencies through the creation of scenarios of the most diverse complexities through techniques such as role play/dramatization, group discussions or conversation circles, and various exercises, requiring only qualified facilitators experienced in group facilitation and people willing to learn and practice.</p>
				<p>The number of studies found in this study demonstrates that NVC is a tool in the emotional and interrelational teaching-learning process that can be widely used in the training and improvement of health professionals, teachers, students, children, and the general population. In this process, in the most diverse areas, the gains obtained are varied, among which the following stand out: satisfaction, self-confidence, empathy, realism, reduction in anxiety levels, comfort, communication, motivation, capacity for reflection and critical thinking, as well as teamwork. The evidence demonstrates the wide possibility of using NVC and that some results obtained can be instantaneous, while others need time to develop in the long term, becoming an integral part of the repertoire of skills for conflict resolution, bringing gains such as connection and meaningful relationships, in addition to empathy. However, this study has limitations, since it is an integrative review, an intermediate method between narrative and systematic review, which makes it impossible to make inferences regarding the level of recommendation of interventions to produce health effects. It also did not include external evaluators for the verification and screening of studies, a protocol for the evaluation of the methodological quality of the included studies, in addition to not including gray literature, which can be considered a limiting factor.</p>
				<p>Even so, although it is not a systematic review, it is possible to detect important aspects and characteristics of NVC interventions for the development of empathy and important elements regarding the methodological quality of the studies investigated for the improvement of intervention practices in a national context. This study adds to the scientific literature an overview of studies/research conducted with NVC worldwide, and summarizes information regarding interventions, methods/techniques, instruments and outcomes obtained. It is expected to contribute to future research and guide professional practices based on NVC in different contexts, in addition to encouraging initiatives that aim to promote empathy.</p>
				<p>The absence of robust studies on the application of Nonviolent Communication (NVC) in Brazil, or the exclusion of studies found due to low methodological quality, raises important questions. This may reflect both the lack of incentive for research in this area and the need for greater methodological rigor in the investigations carried out. The scarcity of national studies also highlights a gap in local knowledge, which is essential to understanding how NVC practices can adapt to the culture, needs and specific challenges of the Brazilian reality. </p>
				<p>If the studies were carried out in Brazil, the results could present different nuances, influenced by the cultural context, the dynamics of interpersonal relationships and the structural challenges of the health and education system in the country. For example, Brazil’s social, economic and cultural diversity, combined with the unique characteristics of the work environment and social relationships, could influence the effects of NVC interventions. Furthermore, issues such as inequality of access to health and education, as well as linguistic and social specificities, may play a significant role in the outcomes of interventions. </p>
				<p>When considering health promotion, NVC emerges as a tool with great potential to improve communication and relationships, which, in turn, directly impacts emotional and social well-being. Its application in public health strategies in Brazil could promote more empathetic and collaborative environments, both among professionals and with users of health services. Thus, strengthening national research and initiatives involving NVC not only enriches the scientific literature, but also contributes to the construction of a healthier and more connected society. This movement to value empathy and communication as pillars of health can bring significant and lasting benefits to communities across the country.</p>
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					<p> This study was conducted as part of an undergraduate thesis by one of the authors, under the supervision of a Psychology professor at the Federal University of Pelotas, who also acted as a co-author. This academic context reflects a commitment to scientific training and contributes to the literature on the application of Nonviolent Communication as a methodology for promoting public health.</p>
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