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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rbps</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Rev. bras. promo. sau.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">1806-1230</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Universidade de Fortaleza</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5020/18061230.2025.14600</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTIGO DE REVISÃO</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Fatores associados à depressão e aos sintomas depressivos em idosos: uma revisão integrativa de literatura</article-title>
				<trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
					<trans-title>Factores asociados a la depresión y a los síntomas depresivos en personas mayores: una revisión integrativa de la literatura</trans-title>
				</trans-title-group>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3744-0638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Denardi</surname>
						<given-names>Tainara Catozzi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>elaboração, delineamento do estudo</role>
					<role>aquisição, análise e interpretação de dados</role>
					<role>redação e revisão do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1108-306X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Leão</surname>
						<given-names>Graciele Cristina Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação e revisão do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4640-2198</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aguiar</surname>
						<given-names>Jordana Alves de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação e revisão do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1780-6268</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Lorena Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>redação e revisão do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5307-2791</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lemos</surname>
						<given-names>Moisés Fernandes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>aquisição, análise e interpretação de dados</role>
					<role>redação e revisão do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6722-2191</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lucchese</surname>
						<given-names>Roselma</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>aquisição, análise e interpretação de dados</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8974-7949</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vera</surname>
						<given-names>Ivânia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>elaboração, delineamento do estudo</role>
					<role>aquisição, análise e interpretação de dados</role>
					<role>redação e revisão do manuscrito</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Catalão (UFCAT), Catalão - Goiás - Brasil </institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Catalão</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Catalão</city>
						<state>Goiás</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brasil</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>Primeira autora e endereço para correspondência</label> Ivânia Vera Universidade Federal de Catalão (UFCAT) Avenida Lamartine P. de Avelar, 1120 Bairro: Vila Chaud CEP: 75704-020 / Catalão (GO), Brasil E-mail: <email>ivaniavera@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="coi-statement" id="fn1">
					<label>CONFLITOS DE INTERESSE</label>
					<p> Não há conflito de interesse.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>29</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<year>2026</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>38</volume>
			<elocation-id>e14600</elocation-id>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="pt">
					<license-p>Este é um artigo publicado em acesso aberto sob uma licença Creative Commons</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMO</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objetivo:</title>
					<p> Sintetizar o conhecimento científico acerca dos fatores de risco associados a sintomas depressivos e à depressão em idosos. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Método:</title>
					<p> Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados PubMed®, Medline®, SciELO e Lilacs, por meio dos descritores “<italic>aged</italic>” <italic>AND</italic> “<italic>depression</italic>” <italic>AND</italic> “<italic>risk factors</italic>” nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, no período compreendido na vigência do Mestrado em Gestão Organizacional de 2015 a 2019. Atenderam aos critérios de inclusão dos artigos, ser de natureza epidemiológica, originais, textos completos, que abordassem a tríade idosos, depressão e seus fatores de risco. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados: </title>
					<p>Encontrou-se que, os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de sintomas depressivos foram: ter acima de nove anos de estudo; sexo feminino; história de doenças crônicas, como diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic>, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, consumo de álcool e tabaco; idades avançadas; má qualidade de vida e dificuldade para realização das atividades da vida diária. A deficiência de zinco foi relacionada a sintomas depressivos em mulheres, ao pior suporte social e ao menor contato social após sofrer eventos cardíacos e/ou neurológicos. A prevalência de depressão nos idosos oscilou entre 8,3% e 41,9%. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusão:</title>
					<p> Esses achados subsidiam e alertam os profissionais que trabalham com essa população, com vistas ao planejamento de ações nos serviços de atenção referentes às necessidades físicas, sociais e psicológicas das pessoas idosas. Centros de convivência, desenvolvimento de programas com atividades físicas, de lazer e suporte social e familiar, que minimizem o isolamento e a solidão, são exemplos de ações que podem prevenir o desenvolvimento e o agravamento de sintomas e de quadros depressivos.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<trans-abstract xml:lang="es">
				<title><italic>RESUMEN</italic></title>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Objetivo:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Sintetizar el conocimiento científico sobre los factores de riesgo asociados a los síntomas depresivos y a la depresión en personas mayores.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Método:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Revisión integrativa realizada en las bases de datos PubMed®, Medline®, SciELO y LILACS, mediante los descriptores “aged” AND “depression” AND “risk factors”, en los idiomas portugués, inglés y español, durante el período correspondiente al desarrollo del Máster en Gestión Organizacional, entre 2015 y 2019. Se incluyeron artículos originales, de naturaleza epidemiológica, con textos completos, que abordaran la tríada: personas mayores, depresión y factores de riesgo.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Resultados:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Se identificaron como factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de síntomas depresivos: tener más de nueve años de escolaridad; sexo femenino; antecedentes de enfermedades crónicas como diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial sistémica, consumo de alcohol y tabaco; edades avanzadas; baja calidad de vida y dificultades para realizar actividades de la vida diaria. La deficiencia de zinc se asoció con síntomas depresivos en mujeres, menor apoyo social y menor contacto social tras eventos cardíacos y/o neurológicos. La prevalencia de depresión en personas mayores osciló entre el 8,3% y el 41,9%.</italic></p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title><italic>Conclusión:</italic></title>
					<p><italic>Estos hallazgos sirven de apoyo y advertencia a los profesionales que trabajan con esta población, con el fin de planificar acciones en los servicios de atención dirigidas a las necesidades físicas, sociales y psicológicas de las personas mayores. Centros de convivencia, desarrollo de programas con actividades físicas, recreativas y de apoyo social y familiar que reduzcan el aislamiento y la soledad son ejemplos de intervenciones que pueden prevenir el desarrollo y agravamiento de síntomas y cuadros depresivos.</italic></p>
				</sec>
			</trans-abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
				<title>Descritores:</title>
				<kwd>Idoso</kwd>
				<kwd>Depressão</kwd>
				<kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
				<kwd>Estudos Epidemiológicos</kwd>
				<kwd>Assistência Integral à Saúde</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Descriptores:</title>
				<kwd>Persona mayor</kwd>
				<kwd>Depresión</kwd>
				<kwd>Factores de Riesgo</kwd>
				<kwd>Estudios Epidemiológicos</kwd>
				<kwd>Atención Integral en Salud</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
                <funding-statement><bold>FONTES DE FINANCIAMENTO: </bold> Não houve financiamento.</funding-statement>
            </funding-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="42"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUÇÃO</title>
			<p>O envelhecimento populacional é compreendido como consequência direta do desenvolvimento socioeconômico e demográfico. Como exemplo, tem-se a diminuição nas taxas de mortalidade infantil e materna, o que acarreta maior sobrevivência em idades mais avançadas. O aumento do processo de envelhecimento está presente em todo o mundo, mas cada país vivencia um estágio diferente dessa transição<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em âmbito global, no século XX, existiam 14 milhões de pessoas com 80 anos ou mais; até 2050, esse número passará a 100 milhões vivendo somente na China e 400 milhões de pessoas idosas, nessa mesma faixa etária, no mundo todo. Em se tratando do Brasil, as projeções apontam que, no ano de 2025, o número de pessoas com idade igual ou maior que 60 anos alcançará cerca de 32 milhões (22,7% da população total)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Diante do cenário do envelhecimento populacional, destacam-se impactos no aumento da prevalência de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Uma revisão integrativa acerca das estratégias de promoção da saúde - adotadas por equipes multiprofissionais para a redução da incidência de DCNT de comunidade atendida na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) - revelou que ações básicas - tanto em nível individual quanto em nível coletivo que abarcassem desde aspectos nutricionais e atividade física de acordo com o perfil da comunidade - melhoram a qualificação da atenção básica e asseguram a equidade nos atendimentos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Essas ações se fazem importante, pois, globalmente, as DCNT representam as principais causas de mortalidade e incapacidade entre os idosos, sendo responsáveis por cerca de 38 milhões de mortes no ano, sobretudo em países de baixa e média renda, como o Brasil. Doenças cardíacas, acidente vascular encefálico, doenças respiratórias crônicas, câncer e demência compreendem as principais delas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Acrescentam-se, ainda, os transtornos mentais considerados como DCNT que mais afetam de forma negativa na qualidade de vida dos idosos e sobrecarregam as relações familiares, sendo a depressão a mais prevalente<sup>4</sup>. A ocorrência de depressão em pessoas idosas oscila nas diversas regiões do mundo, com taxas que variam de 10 a 16%, em países europeus e no Canadá, e até 25%, na Espanha. No Brasil, um estudo realizado na Região Sul do país revelou que as prevalências de depressão estão entre 8,3 e 64%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>, e os sintomas depressivos tendem a ser maiores em pessoas idosas com DCNT, como hipertensão, diabetes, acidente vascular encefálico e algumas doenças coronarianas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Dentre os fatores associados à ocorrência de depressão, destacam-se baixo nível socioeconômico, ser do sexo feminino, ter história familiar ou pessoal de depressão, sofrer doenças físicas e crônicas e viver sozinho. Por outro lado, a prática de atividade social e física, participação em atividades religiosas e apoio social são considerados fatores de proteção<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>O fato de a depressão na população idosa expressar prevalência importante para as DCNT no mundo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> e os idosos formarem um grupo etário com crescimento considerável<sup>2</sup> torna-se um fator imprescindível de (re)conhecer modelos de atenção, sobretudo para as pessoas idosas, a partir da avaliação da capacidade funcional e cognitiva. Um estudo realizado acerca dos modelos de atenção integral para pessoas idosas no mundo indicou haver modelos inovadores, focados nos cuidados de longa duração para idosos considerados frágeis. Assim, apesar dos imensos desafios e das demandas diversas apresentadas por eles, com atenção integral, articulados com os serviços de saúde e atenção social, com vistas à promoção do envelhecimento saudável<sup>7</sup>, uma demanda urgente, sobretudo aos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil.</p>
			<p>Desta forma, estes indivíduos podem ser direcionados ao tratamento adequado nas políticas de saúde existentes, com destaque aos equipamentos da Atenção Primária<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>, tendo em vista que um dos instrumentos de rastreio pode ser aplicado por diferentes profissionais e em diversos espaços de atendimento, sobretudo pela equipe multiprofissional presente nas equipes de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Frente ao exposto, este estudo objetivou sintetizar o conhecimento científico acerca dos fatores de risco associados a sintomas depressivos e à depressão em idosos.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>MÉTODO</title>
			<p>Esta é uma revisão integrativa de literatura que consiste em um método de síntese e análise de evidências científicas, além de apresentar o intuito de elaborar uma explicação crítica e resumir os achados das investigações sobre o tema de interesse. Para a elaboração desta revisão integrativa, seguiram-se seis passos: identificação do tema e questão norteadora; definição dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão e base de dados; extração das informações de interesse em textos selecionados; avaliação dos estudos; análise e interpretação dos resultados contidos; e apresentação da síntese do conhecimento<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>A questão norteadora foi elaborada por meio da estratégia PICO, em que P correspondeu paciente ou problema; I à intervenção; C a controle ou comparação e O a desfecho. Diante do tema de interesse, estabeleceram-se P como pessoa idosa; I não se aplica; C não se aplica; e O como identificação dos fatores de risco associados a sintomas depressivos e depressão na população idosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. Em vista disso, delineou-se a questão norteadora: “Quais são os fatores associados a sintomas depressivos e à depressão na população idosa?”.</p>
			<p>A busca de publicações ocorreu por meio dos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde/Medical Subject Headings (DeCS/MeSH), em abril de 2019, em diferentes bases de dados: US National Library of Medicine (PubMed®), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline®), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciência da Saúde (Lilacs) e biblioteca eletrônica Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Utilizaram-se os DeCS/Mesh, em língua inglesa, interseccionados pelo operador booleano <italic>AND</italic>: “<italic>aged</italic>” <italic>AND</italic> “<italic>depression</italic>” <italic>AND</italic> “<italic>risk factors</italic>”.</p>
			<p>Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos de natureza epidemiológica, originais, completos, publicados entre 2015 e 2019, período de vigência do Mestrado em Gestão Organizacional, que abordassem o tema central, disponíveis eletronicamente de forma gratuita, nos idiomas inglês, português e espanhol. Excluíram-se os artigos repetidos nas bases de dados e biblioteca eletrônica, contabilizando-os apenas uma vez.</p>
			<p>Primeiramente, foi feita uma leitura por dois pesquisadores, de forma independente, acerca do título e do resumo dos artigos, e, em seguida, identificaram-se os critérios de inclusão. Após, realizou-se a extração das informações de interesse, por meio de leitura criteriosa, a partir de um formulário padronizado, contendo as seguintes informações: autoria, base de dados, país de origem, idioma, ano de publicação, delineamento do estudo, nível de evidência, amostras, instrumentos usados, principais resultados e síntese das conclusões<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A hierarquização ocorreu pela dependência da abordagem metodológica seguida, que foi nível I para metanálise de estudos controlados; nível II para resultados alcançados em estudo experimentais; nível III para resultados oriundos de estudos quase experimentais, não randomizados, controlado, ou caso-controle; nível IV com enfoque metodológico qualitativo, estudos não experimentais; nível V para relatos de experiência e de casos; nível VI para resultados de estudos de opiniões de especialistas baseados nas normas e nas legislações<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> ilustra o percurso metodológico para a seleção dos artigos desta revisão integrativa, em que foram aplicados os seguintes critérios de inclusão: pesquisas que envolviam pessoas idosas; tipo de estudo (estudo epidemiológico, caso-controle, ensaio clínico, transversais e coorte); e assunto principal (depressão, transtorno/sintomas depressivo, ansiedade, transtornos mentais e transtorno de ansiedade). Com vistas a ampliar a exploração das publicações selecionadas, realizou-se também uma busca manual (<italic>hand-searching</italic>), que consistiu na conferência das referências dos estudos originais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. Não houve acréscimo de novos artigos na <italic>hand-searching</italic>, uma vez que os estudos nas referências dos textos selecionados eram de publicação anterior aos anos de escolha.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Diagrama das etapas percorridas para o processo de seleção dos artigos da amostra, 2015-2019. </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="1806-1230-rbps-38-e14600-gf1.png"/>
					<attrib>Fonte: Próprios autores.</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results">
			<title>RESULTADOS</title>
			<p>Preencheram os critérios de inclusão desta revisão integrativa 14 artigos, que passaram para a fase de análise e exploração dos dados. Notou-se prevalência de publicações nas bases de dados Medline® (8; 57,15%) e SciELO (5; 35,70%). Quanto aos anos de publicação, foram mais frequentes artigos publicados nos anos de 2017 (5; 35,70%), 2016 (4; 28,56%), 2015 (3; 21,44 %) e 2018 (2; 14,30%). </p>
			<p>Em relação aos idiomas, prevaleceu a língua inglesa (12; 78,57%). Em se tratando do nível de evidência, 13 artigos compreenderam o nível IV (94,7%). As publicações foram concentradas na América do Sul (4; 28,56%), seguida da América do Norte (3; 21,45%). </p>
			<p>Foram encontrados artigos que versaram sobre fatores protetivos contra sintomas depressivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, fatores de risco para depressão<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, sintomas depressivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> e valores diversos quanto à prevalência de depressão<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref><sup>)</sup> em idosos. Problemas cognitivos encontrados nos entrevistados na avaliação neurológica também foram relatados<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Com a finalidade de sintetizar e resumir os achados deste estudo, bem como destacar as contribuições de conhecimentos, no que se refere aos fatores associados à depressão e a sintomas depressivos na população idosa, foi elaborado um quadro de síntese dos estudos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Quadro 1</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Quadro 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Síntese dos estudos encontrados na revisão integrativa que abordam os fatores de risco associados à depressão e a sintomas depressivos em idosos. Catalão, Goiás, Brasil, 2019.</title>
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								<th align="center">Autores / Ano</th>
								<th align="center">Base de dados/ país de origem/ idioma</th>
								<th align="center">Delineamento do estudo/ nível de evidência/ amostra/ instrumentos</th>
								<th align="center">Resultados</th>
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								<td align="center">Gullich, Duro &amp; Cesar, 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">SciELO Brasil Português</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo observacional; Nível IV (552 idosos); Escala de Depressão Geriátrica Reduzida (EDG-15).</td>
								<td align="justify">A prevalência de depressão foi de 20,4% (IC95% 17,3-23,8); sendo de 8,3% (entre aqueles que não fazem uso diário de qualquer tipo de medicamento ou que participam regularmente de pelo menos três atividades de lazer), e de 64,0%, entre idosos com estado civil solteiros. Fatores protetores contra a depressão: interação entre idosos, prática de atividade física, participação em eventos religiosos e de lazer, atividades coletivas.</td>
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								<td align="left">Wilkie, Blagojevic-Bucknall, Belcher, Chew-Graham, Lacey &amp; McBeth, 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Medline Reino Unido Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo de coorte; Nível IV (1.991 idosos); Questionários de acompanhamento no início do estudo e anos 3 e 6.</td>
								<td align="justify">A dor generalizada e a depressão são os principais fatores modificáveis ​​associados à redução na participação social (44% no início; 49% ano 3 e 55% ano 6 de acompanhamento). A restrição na participação social foi associada à relatar alguma dor; dor generalizada; ansiedade; multimorbidade e comprometimento cognitivo. Fator protetor contra restrições sociais: melhor capacidade física.</td>
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								<td align="center">Dong, Bergren &amp; Simon, 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Medline Estados Unidos Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo transversal e longitudinal; Nível IV (2,713 idosos chineses) Confiança no médico; Relação entre confiança do médico e sintomas depressivos; Patient Health Questionnaire-9.</td>
								<td align="justify">No início do estudo, 54,4% dos participantes relataram qualquer sintoma depressivo. Quanto maior a confiança o idoso tinha no médico ao longo do tempo (estudo longitudinal), menores foram as chances de ele apresentar sintomas depressivos de 25%-31%).</td>
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								<td align="center">Zhi, Wang, Liu, Wang, Shi, et al., 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Medline China Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo transversal; Nível IV (1732 idosos); Escala de Depressão Geriátrica; Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC).</td>
								<td align="justify">A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi de 6,7% (5,0% a 8,5%) em homens e 12,5% (10,4%-14,6%) em mulheres. Fatores protetores: valores elevados no IMC, circunferência da cintura e relação cintura quadril foram associadas a um menor risco de sintomas depressivos em mulheres mais velhas.</td>
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								<td align="center">Segura-Cardona, Cardona-Arango D, Segura-Cardona A, Garzón-Duque, 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">SciELO Colômbia Espanhol</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo transversal; Nível IV (4.248 idosos); Características demográficas, sociais; Índice de Katz; Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG).</td>
								<td align="justify">Na amostra geral, 29,5 % apresentaram risco para depressão. O risco de depressão foi associado a idade 59,5% (entre 60 a 74 anos), estado civil 36,4% (viúvo); nivel de escolaridade 45,6% (primário incompleto) e consumo de álcool (8,7%); percepção regular da qualidade de vida (45,2%) e perda da capacidade funcional (25,6%); pouca ou nula rede de apoio (68,6%). O consumo de álcool perdeu significância estatística nas análises seguintes, não permancendo como fator protetivo nessa pesquisa. A dependência funcional foi considerada como um fator de risco para a presença de transtorno de humor na amostra estudada.</td>
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								<td align="center">González, Ignácio, Jornada, Réus, Abelaira, Santos, et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">SciELO Brasil Português</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo transversal; Nível IV (1.021 idosos); Versão em português do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).</td>
								<td align="justify">A prevalência de depressão foi de 26,2%; distimia, 5,5%; e depressão dupla, 2,7%. Os fatores de risco para depressão foram: nove anos ou mais de estudo e tabagismo atual. Fatores de risco para depressão dupla: sexo masculino; relato de hipertensão arterial; e tabagismo atual/pregresso. A distimia foi associada ao gênero masculino; relato de HAS; e ao tabagismo (atual/pregresso). </td>
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								<td align="center">Hashem, Nasreldin, Gomaa &amp; Khalaf, 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Medline Egito Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo transversal e caso controle; Nível IV (80 idosos).</td>
								<td align="justify">Idosos com depressão de início tardio apresentaram maior gravidade da depressão e foram mais afetados cognitivamente em relação à memória, à fluência verbal, à linguagem e às habilidades visuoespaciais. Os fatores de risco vascular, especialmente HAS e DM , foram maiores nos idosos com depressão de início tardio e afetaram a gravidade da depressão e o grau de comprometimento cognitivo.</td>
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								<td align="center">Jung, Spira, Steinhagen-Thiessen, Demuth &amp; Norman, 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Medline Alemanha Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo transversal; Nível IV (1.514 idosos); Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (EPIC); Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG).</td>
								<td align="justify">A deficiência de zinco no plasma sanguíneo foi encontrada em 15,7% dos participantes com sintomas depressivos. Eles relataram uma menor ingestão de zinco e seus níveis plasmáticos estavam mais baixos, comparados ao geral da amostra. A deficiência de zinco plasmático foi associada a sintomas depressivos, sobretudo em mulheres. </td>
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								<td align="center">Torres, J.L, Castro-Costa E, Mambrini, J.V, Peixoto, S.W, Diniz, B.S, Oliveira C, et al, 2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">SciELO Brasil Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo de coorte; Nível IV (1,014 idosos); Questionário de Saúde Geral; Escala de Depressão Geriátrica Avaliação Clínica em Neuropsiquiatria.</td>
								<td align="justify">Prevalência de sintomas depressivos “menores” (23,1%) e sintomas depressivos “maiores” (10,4%), além de mostrarem associações positivas estatisticamente significativas com incapacidade funcional, a longo prazo.</td>
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								<td align="center">Simning, A, Seplaki, C.L, Conwell, Y., 2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Medline Estados Unidos Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo de coorte; Nível IV (5643 idosos); Questionário de Saúde do Paciente 2 (PHQ-2).</td>
								<td align="justify">Aqueles sem contatos sociais próximos têm maiores chances de terem sintomas depressivos após um ataque cardíaco ou derrame e aqueles com contatos sociais próximos têm maiores chances de ter sintomas depressivos após um derrame, mas não após um ataque cardíaco.</td>
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								<td align="center">Simning, A, Seplaki, C.L, Conwell, Y. 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">SciELO África do Sul Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo trasnversal; Nível IV (1.008 idosos); Escala de Depressão Geriátrica. </td>
								<td align="justify">As dificuldades sociais atribuídas a problemas de saúde foram associadas a maiores chances de ter transtornos de ansiedade e sintomas depressivos em idosos.</td>
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								<td align="center">Tani, Y, Fujiwara,T. Kondo N., Noma, H, Sasaki Y, Kondo K. 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Medline Japão Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo de coorte prospectivo; Nível IV (10.458 idosos); Dados do Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES); Geriatric Depression Scale &lt;5. socioeconomic status (SES)</td>
								<td align="justify">13,9% relataram depressão. O impacto do <italic>status</italic> socioeconômico infantil na depressão foi mais fraco entre os mais velhos, sugerindo efeitos de sobrevivência para japoneses mais velhos e saudáveis</td>
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								<td align="center">Chu, C.S, Sun, I.W, Begum, A, Liu, SI, Chang, CJ, Chiu, WC, et al., 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">Medline China Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Estudo transversal; Nível IV (113 idosos) ; Mini-Mental State Examination Geriatric Mental State schedule (GMS); Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.</td>
								<td align="justify">Entre pessoas mais velhas com depressão prévia, 53,1% deles tiveram depressão de início precoce, enquanto 46,9% dos pacientes tiveram depressão de início tardio. A queixa subjetiva de memória (QSM) estava presente em mais da metade dos participantes com histórico de depressão (55,8%).</td>
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								<td align="center">Heisel MJ, Talbot NL, King DA,Tu XM, Duberstein PR., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>
								</td>
								<td align="center">PubMed Canadá Inglês</td>
								<td align="justify">Ensaio de psicoterapia pré-pós-tratamento não controlado; Nível III ( 17 idosos) ; Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS); Psychological Well-Being scale (PWB); Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report (SAS-SR); Duke Social Support Index (DSSI).</td>
								<td align="justify">Os participantes do estudo experimentaram bem-estar psicológico aprimorado, sintomas reduzidos de depressão e ideação suicida ao longo do curso de IPT adaptado para adultos mais velhos em risco de suicídio.</td>
							</tr>
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						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>Fonte: Próprios autores.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>Nota: SciELO; IC95%: intervalo de confiança de 95%; TIP<italic>: trust in physician; OR: odds ratio; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; RP: razão de prevalência; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; µmol/L: micromol por litro; SHR: sub-hazard ratio; IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy; INK: Ntuzuma and KwaMashu; mg/dL: miligramas por decilitro; SD: standard deviation.</italic></p>
						</fn>
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			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="discussion">
			<title>DISCUSSÃO</title>
			<p>Esta seção será dedicada à discussão dos principais achados da RI, enfocando os resultados mais relevantes. Em relação à base de dados, destacou-se a Medline, especializada em estudos na área da Medicina, Medicina Veterinária, Ciências Biológicas, Enfermagem e Saúde Pública<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, o que pode justificar o fato de ela ter sido a que mais apresentou publicações incluídas na investigação, de acordo com os descritores e o tema escolhido. Esse achado reforça o motivo de a maioria das publicações estar na língua inglesa<italic>.</italic> Quanto ao nível de evidência, a prevalência do nível IV é corroborado com outros estudos em que estudos de base populacional, sobretudo os transversais, são os mais usados.</p>
			<p>Os fatores protetivos quanto ao não desenvolvimento de sintomas depressivos se deram em relação a uma escala aplicada, chamada Trust in Physician (TIP). Quanto maior a pontuação na TIP menor foi a probabilidade de se apresentarem sintomas depressivos, e, em dois anos de acompanhamento, houve redução em 25% desses sintomas<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>. A relação médico/paciente implica em desafios e perspectivas. A qualidade do encontro motiva sua ação, além das queixas imediatas da pessoa idosa, mas também se deve dar atenção aos fatos, ao cuidado humanizado, comunicação assertiva e à construção do vínculo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>, com vistas a compreender o idosos no atendimento biopsicossocial. </p>
			<p>Outro achado desta pesquisa foi que mulheres com sobrepeso (índice de massa corporal ≥ 28,0 kg/m²) tiveram menor chance de apresentarem sintomas depressivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. Foi observado, nos resultados de uma pesquisa teórica, que 80% dos estudos relataram associações significativas entre obesidade e depressão, no entanto, compreende-se que evidências menos consistentes que a depressão pode levar à obesidade<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Interação social entre idosos, atividades coletivas, atividade física e participação em eventos religiosos também foram fatores protetores contra sintomas depressivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Pesquisadores têm relatado que idosos fisicamente ativos (~ 150 minutos por semana) foram melhores na atenção, cálculo, evocação e estado cognitivo geral, no Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) ao serem comparados aos sedentários e irregularmente ativos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Em relação aos fatores de risco para depressão, foram associados: anos de estudo (&gt; 9 anos) e ser do sexo feminino<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>; relatar história de doenças crônicas, como diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e tabagismo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>; idade (longevos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>; estado civil (viúvo) e nível educacional (tecnólogo); consumo de álcool; consumo de tabaco; má qualidade de vida e perda da capacidade funcional para atividades básicas de vida diária<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. A dificuldade em se relacionar com ambiente físico e emocional também foi associada ao risco de depressão em idosos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Corroborando com esses achados, outros estudos também revelaram que sexo feminino, idosos viúvos ou solteiros, baixa escolaridade, isolamento social, privação de relações familiares e doenças cardiovasculares são fatores que aumentam as chances de depressão<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>. Sobre o sexo feminino, ainda, mulheres idosas apresentam 1,4 vez mais chance de depressão, o que pode ser fundamentado pelo motivo de elas viverem mais do que os homens, além das alterações hormonais que resultam em irritabilidade e diminuição da autoestima, libido e memória<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>. Quanto à escolaridade, infere-se que os idosos que tiveram estudo inferior a oito anos também possuem menos acesso aos serviços de saúde e a tratamento médico, o que favorece aumento dos casos de depressão<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Os principais achados nessa revisão integrativa relacionados a sintomas depressivos foram deficiência de zinco em mulheres<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, menor suporte emocional interferindo futuramente na incapacidade física do idoso a longo prazo<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>, e menor contato social dos idosos após sofrerem eventos cardíacos ou cerebrais, tendo os mais velhos maiores chances de desenvolvimento de sintomas depressivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>No estudo Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento (SABE), a prevalência de sintomas depressivos em idosos do município de São Paulo (SP) foi de 14,2%, além de terem sido associados às queixas de condições de saúde, dependência física e disfunção familiar<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>. Em outro estudo realizado com idosos atendidos pela Atenção Primária, a prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi de 22,8%, e as variáveis estiveram associadas à percepção regular/ruim/péssima de saúde, à dependência funcional e ao fato de não ter trabalho. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos foi 6,69 vezes maior quando comparada à de sintomas depressivos de idosos com percepção de saúde ótima/boa/regular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>Nos textos selecionados, o desenvolvimento de depressão foi associado à deficiência de zinco em níveis plasmáticos das pessoas idosas. Tal associação entre baixo zinco sanguíneo e o desenvolvimento de depressão pode ser justificada pelo motivo de que o zinco interfere diretamente nas funções mentais e comportamentais, além de ser responsável por manter o desenvolvimento correto do transporte celular, da síntese proteica e da transdução de sinal intracelular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. A maior ingestão de zinco reduz de 30 a 50% as chances de desenvolver depressão, tanto no sexo feminino quanto no masculino, na faixa etária de 50 a 85 anos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Doenças coronarianas, insuficiência cardíaca e acidente vascular encefálico são responsáveis por aumentar em 1,94, 1,40 e 1,33 vezes, respectivamente, as chances de depressão na população idosa<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Em relação ao tabagismo, a nicotina é considerada uma substância ansiolítica que interfere no sistema neuroendócrino, fazendo com que haja alívio dos sintomas depressivos, assim, há aumento do uso de cigarro por partes dos idosos depressivos<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>A prevalência de depressão oscilou entre os achados de 13,9%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> a 26,2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>; 41,9%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> com sintomas leves de depressão (também associados a idade, renda, incapacidade e estado nutricional) e sem possibilidades de contar com a família<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. Observaram-se 8,3% de idosos com depressão que não usavam medicação e faziam atividade física<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. A distância entre as prevalências pode ser justificada pela diferença no tamanho das amostras, locais geográficos e pelo motivo de os estudos terem aplicado instrumentos e escalas distintas. Pesquisa prévia realizada com idosos brasileiros atendidos pela Estratégia Saúde da Família identificou número de depressão de 27,3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>. Outros estudos, de corte transversal, apontaram prevalências que oscilaram de 8 a 30,6%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref>. Uma pesquisa coorte realizada no Sudeste do país, em um período de acompanhamento de oito anos, revelou uma taxa de 10,3% de depressão em pessoas idosas. Os pesquisadores sugerem uma avaliação multidimensional na Atenção Primária à Saúde, criação e fortalecimento dos grupos de convivência, de modo a reduzir a solidão e isolamento social e fortalecimento de políticas sociais e de atenção à saúde<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>As pessoas idosas precisam de serviços mais eficientes, com integração da APS e demais serviços da Rede, com planos de cuidados que versem sobre os atendimentos agudos e de longa duração com equipe de saúde qualificada, voltados para gerenciamento dos riscos, qualidade nos atendimentos e uso adequado dos serviços já existentes<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Além disso, também foram observadas associações entre depressão e problemas cognitivos, identificados na avaliação neurológica. A identificação de depressão tardia nos idosos foi mais grave, e eles se mostraram mais afetados em relação à memória, à fluência verbal, à linguagem e a habilidades visuoespaciais<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, assim como a piora no desempenho de memória<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. No estudo com 301 idosos residentes na comunidade, sintomas depressivos foram associados à pior avaliação da memória, ao sexo feminino, à escolaridade (&gt; 5 anos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>. A melhor capacidade funcional e o nível de atividade física são melhores nos idosos ativos, quando comparados aos idosos sedentários e/ou que realizam atividade física irregular<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
			<p>Outro dado relevante foi que a hospitalização prévia de idosos também foi fator que desencadeou a depressão<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Uma investigação realizada com 102 idosos hospitalizados mostrou que 49% deles tiveram depressão. A insatisfação dos idosos diante do convívio com desconhecidos, por ter que seguir rotinas e horários impostos, pela perda de seu poder de escolha, pelo sentimento de incapacidade e dependência e por ser mais um dentro da instituição é um dos motivos para o desenvolvimento de tal psicopatologia<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref>. Ao se conhecer os modelos de atenção disponíveis na APS, e as diversas demandas apresentadas pelas pessoas idosas a partir de uma avaliação global da pessoa idosa, é possível articular os serviços de saúde e atenção social, na vertente da promoção da saúde e envelhecimento saudável<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. </p>
			<p>A identificação dos fatores protetivos para o desenvolvimento de sintomas depressivos, dos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento deles, de quais sintomas depressivos são mais prevalentes e da prevalência de depressão na população idosa é de grande relevância. Assim, elevam-se as chances de reconhecimento desses sintomas, com o propósito de estabelecer intervenções eficazes para o diagnóstico e para a prevenção do agravamento dessa doença. </p>
			<p>Diante do exposto, percebeu-se que a limitação desta revisão integrativa se encontra relacionada ao nível de evidência, pois os estudos selecionados abrangeram os níveis III e IV de pesquisas de delineamento transversal e coorte. Os diferentes tipos de desenhos metodológicos não foram aplicados, resultando em um conhecimento restrito do tema em questão. Tal fato aponta para a necessidade de estudos futuros com metodologias mais robustas, de modo a identificar a prevalência e os fatores associados à depressão e aos sintomas depressivos em pessoas idosas, com vistas à observação precoce dos sintomas e, consequentemente, o tratamento destes, sobretudo na Atenção Primária à Saúde.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS</title>
			<p>Este estudo procurou identificar os fatores associados a sintomas depressivos e à prevalência de depressão em idosos. O risco para depressão esteve associado à idade (60-74 anos), ao estado civil viúvo, ao consumo de álcool, à percepção regular da qualidade de vida, à rede de apoio deficitária, à hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS), ao tabagismo atual e pregresso. A escolaridade (primário incompleto e 9 anos ou mais de estudo) também se destacaram. </p>
			<p>Os sintomas depressivos identificados foram relacionados à confiança que o idoso tinha no médico, ou seja, quanto maior sua confiança no médico que o acompanhava, menor a chance de apresentar sintomas depressivos. Ao longo prazo, a incapacidade funcional se mostrou associada a uma maior prevalência de sintomas depressivos. Problemas de saúde (em geral) foram associadas a maiores chances de transtorno de ansiedade e sintomas depressivos em idosos. O gênero feminino revelou maior prevalência de sintomas depressivos bem como a deficiência de zinco plasmático ter sido associado a sintomas depressivos em mulheres. </p>
			<p>A prevalência de depressão oscilou, sobretudo quando se referem às condições individuais. No aspecto geral, encontraram-se valores de 8,3%-41,9%. Em pessoas idosas solteiras, esse valor subiu para 64%. Idosos com depressão de início tardio apresentaram maior gravidade da depressão e pior resposta ao MEEM. A queixa subjetiva de memória (QSM) estava presente em mais da metade dos participantes com histórico de depressão. Foram identificados que os fatores associados à depressão foram: ter restrição na participação social, por motivos de dor, ansiedade e comprometimento cognitivo.</p>
			<p>Como fatores protetivos contra depressão, foram identificados: interação entre idosos, prática de atividade física, participação em eventos religiosos e de lazer, atividades coletivas, alto IMC e medidas antropométricas da cintura e quadril em mulheres mais velhas. Idosos com uma rede de apoio e contatos sociais próximos tiveram menos chance de terem sintomas depressivos após um ataque cardíaco ou derrame cerebral. A psicoterapia interpessoal revelou que o bem-estar psicológico reduziu os sintomas de depressão e ideação suicida ao longo do curso de IPT adaptado para adultos mais velhos em risco de suicídio.</p>
			<p>Esses achados podem subsidiar e alertar os profissionais que trabalham com essa população na Atenção Básica, com vistas ao desenvolvimento de estratégias de planejamento, prevenção e promoção de saúde nos serviços que contemplem às necessidades físicas, sociais e psicológicas das pessoas idosas. Centros de convivência, desenvolvimento de programas com atividades físicas e de lazer e suporte social e familiar, que minimizem o isolamento e a solidão, são exemplos de ações que podem prevenir o desenvolvimento e o agravamento de sintomas e de quadros depressivos. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>AGRADECIMENTOS</title>
			<p>Aos membros do Grupo de Pesquisa Gestão, Ensino, Cuidado em Saúde e Enfermagem.</p>
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		<fn-group>
			<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn2">
				<label>FONTES DE FINANCIAMENTO</label>
				<p> Não houve financiamento.</p>
			</fn>
		</fn-group>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
		<front-stub>
            <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5020/18061230.2025.14600</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Factors associated with depression and depressive symptoms in the elderly: an integrative literature review</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3744-0638</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Denardi</surname>
						<given-names>Tainara Catozzi</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>elaboration, study design</role>
					<role>acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data</role>
					<role>writing and revision of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1108-306X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Leão</surname>
						<given-names>Graciele Cristina Silva</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing and revising the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4640-2198</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Aguiar</surname>
						<given-names>Jordana Alves de</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing and revising the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1780-6268</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Silva</surname>
						<given-names>Lorena Dias</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>writing and revising the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5307-2791</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lemos</surname>
						<given-names>Moisés Fernandes</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>data acquisition, analysis and interpretation</role>
					<role>writing and revising the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6722-2191</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Lucchese</surname>
						<given-names>Roselma</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>data acquisition, analysis and interpretation</role>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8974-7949</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vera</surname>
						<given-names>Ivânia</given-names>
					</name>
					<role>elaboration, study design</role>
					<role>acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data</role>
					<role>writing and revision of the manuscript</role>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">Federal University of Catalan (Universidade Federal de Catalão (UFCAT)), Catalão - Goiás - Brazil </institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Catalão</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Catalão</city>
						<state>Goiás</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="BR">Brazil</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<label>CONFLICTS OF INTEREST</label>
					<p> There is no conflict of interest.</p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Objective:</title>
					<p> To synthesize scientific knowledge about risk factors associated with depressive symptoms and depression in the elderly. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Method: </title>
					<p>Integrative review carried out in the PubMed®, Medline®, SciELO, and Lilacs databases, using the descriptors “aged” AND “depression” AND “risk factors” in Portuguese, English, and Spanish, during the period covered by the Master’s in Organizational Management from 2015 to 2019. The articles that met the inclusion criteria were epidemiological in nature, original, complete texts, and addressed the elderly triad, depression, and its risk factors. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Results: </title>
					<p>It was found that the risk factors for developing depressive symptoms were: having more than nine years of education; female gender; history of chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, alcohol and tobacco consumption; advanced age; poor quality of life and difficulty in carrying out activities of daily living. Zinc deficiency has been linked to depressive symptoms in women, poorer social support, and reduced social contact after cardiac and/or neurological events. The prevalence of depression in the elderly ranged from 8.3% to 41.9%. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Conclusion: </title>
					<p>These findings support and alert professionals who work with this population, enabling them to plan care services that address the physical, social, and psychological needs of elderly individuals. Community centers, development of programs with physical activities, leisure activities, and social and family support, which minimize isolation and loneliness, are examples of actions that can prevent the development and worsening of symptoms and depressive conditions.</p>
				</sec>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Descriptors:</title>
				<kwd>Elderly</kwd>
				<kwd>Depression</kwd>
				<kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
				<kwd>Epidemiological Studies</kwd>
				<kwd>Comprehensive Health Care</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
            <funding-group>
            <funding-statement><bold>FINANCING SOURCES:</bold> There was no financing.</funding-statement>
                </funding-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
				<p>Population aging is understood as a direct consequence of socioeconomic and demographic development. For example, there is a decrease in infant and maternal mortality rates, which leads to greater survival at older ages. The increase in the aging process is present throughout the world, but each country experiences a different stage of this transition<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Globally, in the 20th century, there were 14 million people aged 80 or over; by 2050, that number will rise to 100 million living in China alone and 400 million elderly people in the same age group worldwide. In Brazil, projections indicate that, in 2025, the number of people aged 60 or over will reach around 32 million (22.7% of the total population) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>In the face of an aging population, the impact of the increase in the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) stands out. An integrative review of health promotion strategies adopted by multidisciplinary teams to reduce the incidence of NCDs in communities served by Primary Health Care (PHC) - revealed that basic actions - both at the individual and collective levels, covering nutritional aspects and physical activity according to the community profile - improve the quality of primary care and ensure equity in care<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>These actions are relevant because, globally, NCDs represent the principal causes of mortality and disability among the elderly, being responsible for around 38 million deaths per year, especially in low and middle-income countries, such as Brazil. Heart disease, stroke, chronic respiratory diseases, cancer, and dementia comprise the main ones<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>There are also mental disorders considered as NCDs that most negatively affect the elderly quality of life and burden family relationships, with depression being the most prevalent<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref>. The occurrence of depression in elderly people varies across different regions of the world, with rates ranging from 10 to 16% in European countries and Canada, and up to 25% in Spain. In Brazil, a study carried out in the Southern region revealed that the prevalence of depression is between 8.3 and 64%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>, and depressive symptoms tend to be greater in elderly people with NCDs, such as hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and some coronary disease<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Among the factors associated with the occurrence of depression, the following stand out: low socioeconomic status, being female, having a family or personal history of depression, suffering from physical and chronic illnesses, and living alone. On the other hand, the practice of social and physical activity, participation in religious activities, and social support are considered protective factors<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>The fact that depression in the elderly population expresses a significant prevalence of NCDs worldwide<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> and the elderly form an age group with considerable growth<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref>, makes it an essential factor to (re)cognize care models, especially for the elderly, based on the assessment of functional and cognitive capacity. A study carried out on models of comprehensive care for elderly people around the world indicated that there are innovative models, focused on long-term care for elderly people considered frail. Thus, despite the immense challenges and diverse demands presented by them, with comprehensive care, articulated with health and social care services, with a view to promoting healthy aging<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>, an urgent demand, especially for developing countries, such as Brazil.</p>
				<p>In this way, these individuals can be directed to appropriate treatment in existing health policies, with emphasis on Primary Care equipment<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>, considering that one of the screening instruments can be applied by different professionals and in several care spaces, especially by the multidisciplinary team present in Primary Health Care teams. Given the above, this study aimed to synthesize scientific knowledge about the risk factors associated with depressive symptoms and depression in the elderly.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="methods">
				<title>METHOD</title>
				<p>This is an integrative literature review that consists of a method of synthesis and analysis of scientific evidence, and also presents the aim of developing a critical explanation and summarizing the findings of investigations on the topic of interest. To prepare this integrative review, six steps were followed: identification of the theme and guiding question; definition of inclusion and exclusion criteria and database; extraction of information of interest from selected texts; evaluation of the studies; analysis and interpretation of the results; and presentation of the synthesis of knowledge<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>The guiding question was developed using the PICO strategy, in which P corresponded to patient or problem; I to intervention; C to control or comparison, and O to outcome. Given the topic of interest, P was established as an elderly person; I does not apply; C does not apply; and O as identification of risk factors associated with depressive symptoms and depression in the elderly population<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref>. Because of this, the guiding question was outlined: “What are the factors associated with depressive symptoms and depression in the elderly population?”.</p>
				<p>The search for publications took place using the Health Sciences Descriptors/Medical Subject Headings (DeCS/MeSH), in April 2019, in different databases: US National Library of Medicine (PubMed®), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline®), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciência da Saúde (Lilacs) and electronic library Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). DeCS/Mesh were used, in English, intersected by the Boolean operator <italic>AND</italic>: “<italic>aged</italic>” <italic>AND</italic> “<italic>depression</italic>” <italic>AND</italic> “<italic>risk factors</italic>”.</p>
				<p>The inclusion criteria were articles of an epidemiological nature, original, complete, published between 2015 and 2019, the validity period of the Master’s in Organizational Management, which addressed the central theme, available electronically free of charge in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Duplicate articles in the databases and electronic library were excluded by counting them only once.</p>
				<p>First, two researchers independently read the titles and abstracts of the articles, and then the inclusion criteria were identified. Afterwards, the information of interest was extracted through careful reading, from a standardized form, containing the following information: authorship, database, country of origin, language, year of publication, study design, level of evidence, samples, instruments used, main results, and summary of conclusions<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The hierarchy occurred depending on the methodological approach followed, which was level I for meta-analysis of controlled studies; level II for results achieved in experimental studies; level III for results from quasi-experimental, non-randomized, controlled, or case-control studies; level IV with a qualitative methodological focus, non-experimental studies; level V for experience and case reports; level VI for results from expert opinion studies based on standards and legislation<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> illustrates the methodological approach for selecting articles for this integrative review, in which the following inclusion criteria were applied: research involving older adults; type of study (epidemiological, case-control, clinical trial, cross-sectional, and cohort); and main subject (depression, depressive disorder/symptoms, anxiety, mental disorders, and anxiety disorder). To broaden the exploration of the selected publications, a manual search was also carried out (hand-searching), which consisted of checking the references of the original studies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref>. There was no addition of new articles in the hand-searching, since the studies in the references of the selected texts were published before the chosen years.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Diagram of the steps taken in the process of selecting articles for the sample, 2015-2019. </title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="1806-1230-rbps-38-e14600-gf2.png"/>
						<attrib>Source: Authors themselves.</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results">
				<title>RESULTS</title>
				<p>Fourteen articles met the inclusion criteria for this integrative review and moved on to the data analysis and exploration phase. There was a prevalence of publications in the Medline® (8; 57.15%) and SciELO (5; 35.70%) databases. Regarding the years of publication, the most frequent articles were published in 2017 (5; 35.70%), 2016 (4; 28.56%), 2015 (3; 21.44%), and 2018 (2; 14.30%). </p>
				<p>Regarding languages, English prevailed (12; 78.57%). Regarding the level of evidence, 13 articles comprised level IV (94,7%). Publications were concentrated in South America (4; 28.56%), followed by North America (3; 21.45%). </p>
				<p>Articles were found that discussed protective factors against depressive symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>, risk factors for depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, depressive symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>, and different values ​​regarding the prevalence of depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref><sup>)-(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> in the elderly. Cognitive problems observed in the interviewees during the neurological assessment were also reported<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>To synthesize and summarize the findings of this study, as well as highlight the contributions of knowledge regarding the factors associated with depression and depressive symptoms in the elderly population, a summary table of the studies was prepared (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Chart 1</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Chart 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Summary of studies found in the integrative review that address risk factors associated with depression and depressive symptoms in older adults. Catalão, Goiás, Brazil, 2019.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Authors / Year</th>
									<th align="center">Database/ country of origin/ language</th>
									<th align="center">Study design/level of evidence/sample/instruments</th>
									<th align="center">Results</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Gullich, Duro &amp; Cesar, 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">SciELO Brazil Portuguese</td>
									<td align="left">Observational study; Level IV (552 elderly individuals); Geriatric Depression Scale-Reduced (GDS-15)).</td>
									<td align="left">The prevalence of depression was 20.4% (95% CI 17.3-23.8); 8.3% among those who did not take any medication daily or who regularly participated in at least three leisure activities, and 64.0% among single elderly individuals. Protective factors against depression: interaction among elderly individuals, physical activity, participation in religious and leisure events, and group activities.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Wilkie, Blagojevic-Bucknall, Belcher, Chew-Graham, Lacey &amp; McBeth, 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Medline United Kingdom English</td>
									<td align="left">Cohort study; Level IV (1,991 elderly individuals); Follow-up questionnaires at baseline and years 3 and 6.</td>
									<td align="left">Widespread pain and depression are the main modifiable factors associated with reduced social participation (44% at baseline; 49% at year 3 and 55% at year 6 of follow-up). Restricted social participation was associated with reporting some pain; widespread pain; anxiety; multimorbidity; and cognitive impairment. Protective factors against social restrictions include improved physical capacity..</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Dong, Bergren &amp; Simon, 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Medline United States English</td>
									<td align="left">Cross-sectional and longitudinal study; Level IV (2,713 elderly Chinese) Doctor trust; Relationship between doctor trust and depressive symptoms; Patient Health Questionnaire-9.</td>
									<td align="left">At baseline, 54.4% of participants reported any depressive symptoms. The greater the older adult’s trust in their doctor over time (longitudinal study), the lower their chances of experiencing depressive symptoms (25%-31%).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Zhi, Wang, Liu, Wang, Shi, et al., 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Medline China English</td>
									<td align="left">Cross-sectional study; Level IV (1,732 elderly individuals); Geriatric Depression Scale; Body Mass Index (BMI).</td>
									<td align="left">The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 6.7% (5.0%-8.5%) in men and 12.5% ​​(10.4%-14.6%) in women. Protective factors: Higher BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio were associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms in older women.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Segura-Cardona, Cardona-Arango D, Segura-Cardona A, Garzón-Duque, 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">SciELO Colômbia Spanish</td>
									<td align="left">Cross-sectional study; Level IV (4,248 elderly individuals); Demographic and social characteristics; Katz Index; Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).</td>
									<td align="left">In the general sample, 29.5% were at risk for depression. The risk of depression was associated with age (59.5%) (between 60 and 74 years), marital status (36.4%) (widowed); education level (45.6%) (incomplete primary education); and alcohol consumption (8.7%); average perception of quality of life (45.2%) and loss of functional capacity (25.6%); and little or no support network (68.6%). Alcohol consumption lost statistical significance in subsequent analyses and did not remain a protective factor in this study. Functional dependence was considered a risk factor for the presence of mood disorders in the sample studied.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">González, Ignácio, Jornada, Réus, Abelaira, Santos, et al., 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">SciELO Brazil Portuguese</td>
									<td align="left">Cross-sectional study; Level IV (1,021 elderly individuals); Portuguese version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).</td>
									<td align="left">The prevalence of depression was 26.2%; dysthymia, 5.5%; and double depression, 2.7%. Risk factors for depression were: nine or more years of education and current smoking. Risk factors for double depression: male gender; reported high blood pressure; and current/past smoking. Dysthymia was associated with male gender; reported high blood pressure; and smoking (current/past).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Hashem, Nasreldin, Gomaa &amp; Khalaf, 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Medline Egypt English</td>
									<td align="left">Cross-sectional and case-control study; Level IV (80 elderly people).</td>
									<td align="left">Older adults with late-onset depression had greater depression severity and were more cognitively impaired in terms of memory, verbal fluency, language, and visuospatial abilities. Vascular risk factors, especially hypertension and diabetes, were higher in older adults with late-onset depression and affected depression severity and the degree of cognitive impairment.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Jung, Spira, Steinhagen-Thiessen, Demuth &amp; Norman, 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Medline Germany English</td>
									<td align="left">Cross-sectional study; Level IV (1,514 elderly individuals); Food Frequency Questionnaire (EPIC); Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).</td>
									<td align="left">Plasma zinc deficiency was found in 15.7% of participants with depressive symptoms. They reported lower zinc intake and lower plasma zinc levels compared to the general sample. Plasma zinc deficiency was associated with depressive symptoms, particularly in women. </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Torres, J.L, Castro-Costa E, Mambrini, J.V, Peixoto, S.W, Diniz, B.S, Oliveira C, et al, 2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">SciELO Brazil English</td>
									<td align="left">Cohort study; Level IV (1,014 elderly individuals); General Health Questionnaire; Geriatric Depression Scale Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry.</td>
									<td align="left">Prevalence of “minor” depressive symptoms (23.1%) and “major” depressive symptoms (10.4%), in addition to showing statistically significant positive associations with functional disability in the long term.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Simning, A, Seplaki, C.L, Conwell, Y., 2018<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Medline United States English</td>
									<td align="left">Cohort study; Level IV (5,643 elderly individuals); Patient Health Questionnaire 2 (PHQ-2).</td>
									<td align="left">Those without close social contacts are more likely to have depressive symptoms after a heart attack or stroke, and those with close social contacts are more likely to have depressive symptoms after a stroke, but not after a heart attack.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Simning, A, Seplaki, C.L, Conwell, Y. 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">SciELO South Africa English</td>
									<td align="left">Cross-sectional study; Level IV (1,008 elderly individuals); Geriatric Depression Scale.</td>
									<td align="left">Social difficulties attributed to health problems were associated with greater chances of having anxiety disorders and depressive symptoms in older adults.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Tani, Y, Fujiwara,T. Kondo N., Noma, H, Sasaki Y, Kondo K. 2016<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Medline Japan English</td>
									<td align="left">Prospective cohort study; Level IV (10,458 elderly individuals); Data from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES); Geriatric Depression Scale &lt;5. Socioeconomic status (SES)</td>
									<td align="left">13.9% reported depression. The impact of childhood socioeconomic status on depression was weaker among older adults, suggesting survival effects for older, healthier Japanese.</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Chu, C.S, Sun, I.W, Begum, A, Liu, SI, Chang, CJ, Chiu, WC, et al., 2017<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">Medline China English</td>
									<td align="left">Cross-sectional study; Level IV (113 elderly individuals); Mini-Mental State Examination Geriatric Mental State schedule (GMS); Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.</td>
									<td align="left">Among older individuals with prior depression, 53.1% had early-onset depression, while 46.9% had late-onset depression. Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) were present in more than half of the participants with a history of depression (55.8%).</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Heisel MJ, Talbot NL, King DA,Tu XM, Duberstein PR., 2015<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref>
									</td>
									<td align="center">PubMed Canada English</td>
									<td align="left">Uncontrolled pre-post-treatment psychotherapy trial; Level III (17 elderly individuals); Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) Geriatric Suicide Ideation Scale (GSIS); Psychological Well-Being scale (PWB); Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report (SAS-SR); Duke Social Support Index (DSSI).</td>
									<td align="left">Study participants experienced improved psychological well-being, reduced symptoms of depression, and reduced suicidal ideation throughout IPT tailored for older adults at risk of suicide.</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>Source: Authors themselves.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>Note: SciELO; IC95%: 95% confidence interval; TIP<italic>: trust in physician; OR: odds ratio; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; WHR: waist-hip ratio; PR: prevalence ratio; ACE: angiotensin converting enzyme; µmol/L: micromol por litro; SHR: sub-hazard ratio; IPT: interpersonal psychotherapy; INK: Ntuzuma and KwaMashu; mg/dL: miligramas por decilitro; SD: standard deviation.</italic></p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="discussion">
				<title>DISCUSSION</title>
				<p>This section will be dedicated to the discussion of the main findings of the IR, focusing on the most relevant results. Regarding the database, Medline stood out, specializing in studies in the areas of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Biological Sciences, Nursing, and Public Health<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref>, which may justify the fact that it was the one that presented the most publications included in the investigation, according to the descriptors and the chosen theme. This finding reinforces the reason why most publications are in English. Regarding the level of evidence, the prevalence of level IV is corroborated by other studies in which population-based studies, especially cross-sectional ones, are the most used.</p>
				<p>The protective factors regarding the non-development of depressive symptoms were in relation to an applied scale, called Trust in Physician (TIP). The higher the TIP score, the lower the likelihood of presenting depressive symptoms, and, in two years of follow-up, there was a 25% reduction in these symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref>. The doctor/patient relationship involves challenges and perspectives. The quality of the meeting motivates your action, in addition to the immediate complaints of the elderly person, but attention must also be paid to the facts, humanized care, assertive communication, and the bond construction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref>, to understand the elderly within biopsychosocial care. </p>
				<p>Another finding of this research was that overweight women (body mass index ≥ 28.0 kg/m²) were less likely to experience depressive symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>. It was observed, in the results of a theoretical research, that 80% of the studies reported significant associations between obesity and depression; however, it is understood that less consistent evidence that depression can lead to obesity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Social interaction among older adults, collective activities, physical activity, and participation in religious events were also protective factors against depressive symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. Researchers have reported that physically active older adults (~150 minutes per week) performed better in attention, calculation, recall, and overall cognitive status on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) compared to sedentary and irregularly active older adults<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Regarding the risk factors for depression, the following were associated: years of study (&gt; 9 years) and being female<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>; reporting a history of chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, systemic arterial hypertension and smoking<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>; age (long-lived) <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>; marital status (widowed) and educational level (technologist); alcohol consumption; tobacco consumption; poor quality of life and loss of functional capacity for basic activities of daily living<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref>. Difficulty in relating to the physical and emotional environment has also been associated with the risk of depression in the elderly<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Corroborating these findings, other studies have also revealed that female gender, widowed or single elderly individuals, low education levels, social isolation, lack of family relationships, and cardiovascular disease are factors that increase the chances of depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>. Regarding women, elderly women are 1.4 times more likely to suffer from depression, which may be explained by the fact that they live longer than men, in addition to hormonal changes that result in irritability and decreased self-esteem, libido, and memory<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref>. Regarding education, it can be inferred that elderly people who have studied for less than eight years also have less access to health services and medical treatment, which favors an increase in cases of depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>The main findings in this integrative review related to depressive symptoms were zinc deficiency in women<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref>, less emotional support interfering with the future of the elderly’s long-term physical disability<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref>, and less social contact among the elderly after suffering cardiac or cerebral events, with older people having a greater chance of developing depressive symptoms<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>In the Health, Well-Being and Aging (SABE) study, the prevalence of depressive symptoms in elderly people in the city of São Paulo (SP) was 14.2%, in addition to being associated with complaints of health conditions, physical dependence, and family dysfunction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref>. In another study carried out with elderly people treated by Primary Care, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 22.8%, and the variables were associated with a fair/poor/very poor perception of health, functional dependence, and the fact of not having a job. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 6.69 times higher when compared to the prevalence of depressive symptoms in elderly people with excellent/good/fair health perception<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>In the selected texts, the development of depression was associated with zinc deficiency in plasma levels in elderly people. This association between low blood zinc and the development of depression can be justified by the fact that zinc directly interferes with mental and behavioral functions, in addition to being responsible for maintaining the correct development of cellular transport, protein synthesis, and intracellular signal transduction<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref>. A higher intake of zinc reduces the chances of developing depression by 30 to 50%, in both women and men, in the age range of 50 to 85 years<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34"><sup>34</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke are responsible for increasing the chances of depression in the elderly population by 1.94, 1.40, and 1.33 times, respectively<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref>. Regarding smoking, nicotine is considered an anxiolytic substance that interferes with the neuroendocrine system, causing relief from depressive symptoms; thus, there is an increase in cigarette use among elderly people with depression<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35"><sup>35</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>The prevalence of depression ranged from 13.9%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> to 26.2%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref>; 41.9%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> with mild symptoms of depression (also associated with age, income, disability, and nutritional status) and without the possibility of relying on family<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref>. 8.3% of elderly people with depression who did not use medication and did physical activity were observed<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. The difference in prevalence rates can be explained by differences in sample size, geographic locations, and the fact that the studies used different instruments and scales. Previous research carried out with Brazilian elderly assisted by the Family Health Strategy identified a rate of depression of 27.3%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36"><sup>36</sup></xref>. Other cross-sectional studies showed prevalence rates ranging from 8 to 30.6%<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37"><sup>37</sup></xref><sup>),(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38"><sup>38</sup></xref>. A cohort study conducted in the Southeast of the country, over an eight-year follow-up period, revealed a 10.3% rate of depression in elderly people. The researchers suggest a multidimensional assessment in Primary Health Care, creation and strengthening of community groups, to reduce loneliness and social isolation, and strengthening of social and health care policies<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41"><sup>41</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Elderly people need more efficient services, with integration of PHC and other services in the Network, with care plans that cover acute and long-term care with a qualified health team, focused on risk management, quality of care, and appropriate use of existing services<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42"><sup>42</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Furthermore, associations were also observed between depression and cognitive problems, identified in the neurological evaluation. The identification of late-life depression in the elderly was more severe, and they were more affected in terms of memory, verbal fluency, language, and visuospatial skills<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref>, as well as worsening memory performance<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref>. In a study of 301 elderly people living in the community, depressive symptoms were associated with poorer memory scores, female gender, and higher levels of education (&gt; 5 anos)<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39"><sup>39</sup></xref>. Functional capacity and physical activity levels are better in active elderly people compared to sedentary elderly people and/or those who engage in irregular physical activity<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref>.</p>
				<p>Another relevant fact was that previous hospitalization of elderly people was also a factor that triggered depression <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref>. An investigation carried out with 102 hospitalized elderly people showed that 49% of them had depression. The dissatisfaction of the elderly when dealing with strangers, having to follow imposed routines and schedules, losing their power of choice, feeling incapable and dependent, and being just another person within the institution is one of the reasons for the development of such psychopathology<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40"><sup>40</sup></xref>. By understanding the care models available in PHC and the diverse demands presented by elderly people based on a global assessment of the elderly person, it is possible to articulate health and social care services in the health promotion and healthy ageing area <sup>(</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref>. </p>
				<p>Identifying protective factors for the development of depressive symptoms, risk factors for their development, which depressive symptoms are most prevalent, and the prevalence of depression in the elderly population is of great relevance. It increases the chances of recognizing these symptoms, aiming to establish effective interventions for the diagnosis and prevention of the disease worsening. </p>
				<p>Given the above, it was noted that the limitation of this integrative review is related to the level of evidence, as the selected studies covered levels III and IV of cross-sectional and cohort research. The different types of methodological designs were not applied, resulting in limited knowledge of the topic in question. This fact points to the need for future studies with more robust methodologies to identify the prevalence and factors associated with depression and depressive symptoms in elderly people, with a view to early observation of symptoms and, consequently, their treatment, especially in Primary Health Care.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>FINAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
				<p>This study sought to identify the factors associated with depressive symptoms and the prevalence of depression in the elderly. The risk for depression was associated with age (60-74 years), widowed marital status, alcohol consumption, regular perception of quality of life, deficient support network, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), current and past smoking. Education (incomplete primary education and nine or more years of study) also stood out. </p>
				<p>The depressive symptoms identified were related to the trust that the elderly person had in the doctor; that is, the greater their trust in the doctor who was treating them, the lower the chance of presenting depressive symptoms. In the long term, functional disability is associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms. Health problems (in general) were associated with higher odds of anxiety disorders and depressive symptoms in older people. The female gender revealed a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms, and plasma zinc deficiency was associated with depressive symptoms in women. </p>
				<p>The prevalence of depression has fluctuated, especially when referring to individual conditions. Overall, values ​​of 8.3%-41.9% were found. In single elderly individuals, this figure rose to 64%. Elderly individuals with late-onset depression had greater depression severity and a worse response to the MMSE. Subjective memory complaints (SMCs) were present in more than half of the participants with a history of depression. It was identified that the factors associated with depression were: having restrictions on social participation, due to pain, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.</p>
				<p>Protective factors against depression were identified: interaction among older adults, physical activity, participation in religious and leisure events, group activities, high BMI, and anthropometric measurements of the waist and hips in older women. Older adults with a support network and close social contacts were less likely to experience depressive symptoms after a heart attack or stroke. Interpersonal psychotherapy revealed that psychological well-being reduced symptoms of depression and suicidal ideation throughout IPT adapted for older adults at risk of suicide.</p>
				<p>These findings can support and alert professionals who work with this population in Primary Care to develop planning, prevention, and health promotion strategies in services that address the physical, social, and psychological needs of elderly people. Community centers, development of programs with physical and leisure activities, and social and family support, which minimize isolation and loneliness, are examples of actions that can prevent the development and worsening of symptoms and depressive conditions. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
				<p>To the members of the Research Group on Management, Teaching, Health Care, and Nursing.</p>
			</ack>
			<fn-group>
				<fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
					<label>FINANCING SOURCES</label>
					<p> There was no financing.</p>
				</fn>
			</fn-group>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>